As a result of various stresses, lesions caused by DNA-damaging agents occur constantly in each cell of the human body. Generally, DNA damage is recognized and repaired by the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery, and the cells survive. When repair fails, the genomic integrity of the cell is disrupted—a hallmark of cancer. In addition, the DDR plays a dual role in cancer development and therapy. Cancer radiotherapy and chemotherapy are designed to eliminate cancer cells by inducing DNA damage, which in turn can promote tumorigenesis. Over the past two decades, an increasing number of microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs, have been identified as participating in the processes regulating tumorigenesis and responses to cancer treatment with radiation therapy or genotoxic chemotherapies, by modulating the DDR. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on how miRNAs regulate the DDR and discuss the therapeutic functions of miRNAs in cancer in the context of DDR regulation.

中文翻译：

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MicroRNA，DNA损伤反应和癌症治疗

由于各种压力，由DNA破坏剂引起的损伤在人体的每个细胞中不断发生。通常，DNA损伤可以通过DNA损伤应答（DDR）机制识别和修复，并且细胞可以存活。当修复失败时，细胞的基因组完整性将被破坏，这是癌症的标志。此外，DDR在癌症的发展和治疗中起着双重作用。癌症放射疗法和化学疗法旨在通过诱导DNA损伤来消除癌细胞，而DNA损伤又可以促进肿瘤发生。在过去的二十年中，越来越多的微小RNA（miRNA）（小的非编码RNA）已被确认参与通过调节DDR来调节肿瘤发生和对放射治疗或遗传毒性化学疗法对癌症治疗的反应。