With some level of climate change now inevitable, climate policy around the world has evolved in recent decades to include adaptation to the impacts of climate change. Most industrialized countries have formulated national adaptation strategies to meet this challenge. However, the implementation of on-the-ground measures is lagging. To analyze the implementation process and possible reasons for the implementation gap, we take a closer look at how the integration of adaptation goals into various sectoral policies—often called mainstreaming—has been handled on different administrative levels in Switzerland. Going beyond traditional compilations of barriers to climate change adaptation, we analyze the use of six different mainstreaming strategies across cases and levels and the reasons for their success or lack thereof. We find that different actors at all administrative levels have successfully employed programmatic mainstreaming in combination with inter-organizational mainstreaming to foster horizontal cooperation. We call this strategy cooperative mainstreaming. Some pioneers even managed to channel their successes into advances in regulatory mainstreaming. However, the lack of systematic regulatory and directed mainstreaming on the national and cantonal levels largely limits adaptation actions on lower levels to those cases where the major impetus derives from extreme events or proactive individuals on the ground. We conclude that the adaptation implementation gap in Switzerland largely stems from the lack of political commitment to promoting local adaptation at the national and cantonal levels.

中文翻译：

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实践中的气候适应：主流化战略对政策整合的重要性

由于现在不可避免地会出现某种程度的气候变化，近几十年来，世界各地的气候政策都发生了变化，包括适应气候变化的影响。大多数工业化国家都制定了国家适应战略来应对这一挑战。然而，实地措施的实施滞后。为了分析实施过程和实施差距的可能原因，我们仔细研究了瑞士不同行政级别如何处理将适应目标纳入各种部门政策（通常称为主流化）的问题。除了传统的气候变化适应障碍汇编之外，我们分析了六种不同的跨案例和级别的主流策略的使用以及它们成功或缺乏成功的原因。我们发现，所有行政级别的不同参与者都成功地将计划主流化与组织间主流化相结合，以促进横向合作。我们称之为合作主流化战略。一些先驱甚至设法将他们的成功转化为监管主流化的进步。然而，国家和州级缺乏系统的监管和定向主流化在很大程度上限制了较低级别的适应行动，主要推动力来自极端事件或当地积极主动的个人。我们得出的结论是，瑞士在适应实施方面的差距主要源于缺乏在国家和州层面促进地方适应的政治承诺。