This study focuses on the archaeometry characterization of representative Dark Rimmed Orange Bowl wares from different sites of the upper Tigris Valley and dated to the Bronze Age. The chemical composition of the potsherds divided the sample set into three main groups which suggested different raw material sources. The mineral content and rock type of the potteries respectively indicated that the raw materials were derived from the calcareous clay deposits and they were soil or alluvia formed mostly by weathering in volcanic (basalt) province. Considering the geological structure of the region, it was deduced that the raw materials have presumably been supplied from the region or at least from the near vicinity of the upper Tigris Valley. X-ray diffraction results showed that the firing temperature range of the potsherds changes between 750 and 950°C, and approximately around 800–900°C in general. This assumption was also supported by the low vitrification degree observed on scanning electron microscopic images of the samples. The results also suggested that such type of pottery would have likely been produced using a sensitively adjusted kiln so as to control the firing atmosphere (reducing/oxidizing) and achieve the desired colorings, particularly the bichrome effect (i.e., black/gray on red).

中文翻译：

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土耳其底格里斯河上游青铜器时代陶器（黑边橙碗器皿）诊断组调查

本研究侧重于底格里斯河上游不同地点的青铜时代青铜器时代代表性深色镶边橙碗器皿的考古学特征。陶片的化学成分将样品组分为三个主要组，表明不同的原材料来源。陶器的矿物含量和岩石类型分别表明其原料来源于石灰质粘土矿床，主要是火山（玄武岩）省风化形成的土壤或冲积层。考虑到该地区的地质结构，推测原材料可能来自该地区或至少来自底格里斯河上游的附近地区。X射线衍射结果表明，陶片的烧成温度范围在750-950°C之间变化，一般在800-900°C左右。在样品的扫描电子显微图像上观察到的低玻璃化程度也支持了这一假设。结果还表明，这种类型的陶器很可能是使用灵敏调整的窑炉生产的，以控制烧制气氛（还原/氧化）并实现所需的着色，特别是双色效果（即红色上的黑色/灰色） .