Brazilian bioethanol is one of the most prominent biofuels produced on a large scale, representing 30% of the global fuel ethanol production share. Around 8.6 billion gallons were produced in 2019, second only to the US fuel ethanol production in the same period (15.8 billion gallons). Obtained from sugarcane in a highly energy‐efficient process, the biofuel, which can be used in Brazil as 100% ethanol (hydrated, minimum mass content of 92.5%) or in a volume proportion of 27% (anhydrous ethanol) in common gasoline, has contributed to the reduction of oil dependency and CO₂ emissions, as well as to the development of an important economic sector. Pioneer biofuel policies and important advances in science and technology led to the establishment of a 46% renewable energy matrix. In this manuscript, an overview of the impacts of ethanol production and utilization will be given, with respect to environmental and socio‐economic concerns. The public policies and some technical aspects of sugarcane and ethanol production and energy cogeneration will be reviewed and discussed. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

中文翻译：

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生物经济和生物燃料：巴西甘蔗乙醇的案例

巴西生物乙醇是大规模生产的最杰出的生物燃料之一，占全球燃料乙醇生产份额的30％。2019年生产了约86亿加仑，仅次于美国同期的燃料乙醇产量（158亿加仑）。从甘蔗中以高度节能的方式获得的生物燃料，可以在巴西以100％乙醇（水合，最低质量含量为92.5％）或普通汽油中27％（无水乙醇）的体积比使用，有助于减少对石油的依赖和减少CO ₂排放以及重要经济部门的发展。先锋生物燃料政策和科学技术的重大进步导致建立了46％的可再生能源矩阵。在此手稿中，将就环境和社会经济方面的问题对乙醇生产和利用的影响进行概述。将审查和讨论甘蔗和乙醇生产以及热电联产的公共政策和一些技术方面。©2021化学工业协会和John Wiley＆Sons，Ltd