Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous cell-derived membranous structures that arise from the endosome system or directly detach from the plasma membrane. In recent years, many advances have been made in the understanding of the clinical definition and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, but translation into effective treatments is hampered by several factors. Current research indicates that EVs are involved in the pathology of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD). Besides, EVs are also involved in the process of myelin formation, and can also cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the sites of CNS injury. It is suggested that EVs have great potential as a novel therapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we reviewed the advances in understanding the role of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases and addressed the critical function of EVs in the CNS. We have also outlined the physiological mechanisms of EVs in myelin regeneration and highlighted the therapeutic potential of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases.

细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 是异质细胞衍生的膜结构，由内体系统产生或直接从质膜分离。近年来，在对神经退行性疾病的临床定义和发病机制的理解方面取得了许多进展，但转化为有效的治疗方法受到多个因素的阻碍。目前的研究表明，电动汽车与阿尔茨海默病 (AD)、帕金森病 (PD)、多发性硬化症 (MS)、肌萎缩侧索硬化症 (ALS) 和亨廷顿病 (HD) 等疾病的病理学有关。此外，EVs还参与髓鞘形成过程，还可以穿过血脑屏障到达CNS损伤部位。有人认为，EVs 作为治疗神经退行性疾病的新疗法具有巨大潜力。在这里，我们回顾了在理解 EV 在神经退行性疾病中的作用方面取得的进展，并解决了 EV 在 CNS 中的关键功能。我们还概述了 EV 在髓鞘再生中的生理机制，并强调了 EV 在神经退行性疾病中的治疗潜力。