Microcystins (MCs) are the most common cyanobacteria toxins in eutrophic water, which have strong hepatotoxicity. In the past decade, epidemiological and toxicological studies on liver damage caused by MCs have proliferated, and new mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs have also been discovered and confirmed. However, there has not been a comprehensive and systematic review of these new findings. Therefore, this paper summarizes the latest advances in studies on the hepatotoxicity of MCs to reveal the effects and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. Current epidemiological studies have confirmed that symptoms or signs of liver damage appear after human exposure to MCs, and a long time of exposure can even lead to liver cancer. Toxicological studies have shown that MCs can affect the expression of oncogenes by activating cell proliferation pathways such as MAPK and Akt, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of cancer. The latest evidence shows that epigenetic modifications may play an important role in MCs-induced liver cancer. MCs can cause damage to the liver by inducing hepatocyte death, mainly manifested as apoptosis and necrosis. The imbalance of liver metabolic homeostasis may be involved in the hepatotoxicity induced by MCs. In addition, the combined toxicity of MCs and other toxins are also discussed in this article. This detailed information will be a valuable reference for further exploring of MCs-induced hepatotoxicity.

微囊藻毒素（MCs）是富营养化水中最常见的蓝细菌毒素，具有很强的肝毒性。在过去的十年中，关于由MC引起的肝损伤的流行病学和毒理学研究激增，并且已经发现并证实了由MC引起的肝毒性的新机制。但是，尚未对这些新发现进行全面而系统的审查。因此，本文总结了MCs肝毒性研究的最新进展，以揭示MCs引起的肝毒性作用及其机理。当前的流行病学研究已经证实，人接触MC后会出现肝损害的症状或体征，长时间接触甚至会导致肝癌。毒理学研究表明，MCs可以通过激活MAPK和Akt等细胞增殖途径来影响癌基因的表达，从而促进癌症的发生和发展。最新证据表明，表观遗传修饰可能在MCs诱导的肝癌中起重要作用。MC可通过诱导肝细胞死亡而引起肝脏损害，主要表现为细胞凋亡和坏死。肝脏代谢稳态的失衡可能与MCs引起的肝毒性有关。此外，本文还讨论了MC和其他毒素的联合毒性。该详细信息将为进一步探讨MCs诱导的肝毒性提供有价值的参考。最新证据表明，表观遗传修饰可能在MCs诱导的肝癌中起重要作用。MC可通过诱导肝细胞死亡而引起肝脏损害，主要表现为细胞凋亡和坏死。肝脏代谢稳态的失衡可能与MCs引起的肝毒性有关。此外，本文还讨论了MC和其他毒素的联合毒性。该详细信息将为进一步探讨MCs诱导的肝毒性提供有价值的参考。最新证据表明，表观遗传修饰可能在MCs诱导的肝癌中起重要作用。MC可通过诱导肝细胞死亡而引起肝脏损害，主要表现为细胞凋亡和坏死。肝脏代谢稳态的失衡可能与MCs引起的肝毒性有关。此外，本文还讨论了MC和其他毒素的联合毒性。该详细信息将为进一步探讨MCs诱导的肝毒性提供有价值的参考。本文还讨论了MC和其他毒素的综合毒性。该详细信息将为进一步探讨MCs诱导的肝毒性提供有价值的参考。本文还讨论了MC和其他毒素的综合毒性。该详细信息将为进一步探讨MCs诱导的肝毒性提供有价值的参考。