A large and growing literature has demonstrated that imposing control on agents has the potential to backfire, leading agents to withhold effort. Consistent with principles of procedural fairness, we find that the way in which control is imposed—in particular whether control is imposed symmetrically on both principals and agents and whether both parties have a say in whether control is imposed—affects how agents respond to control. In our setting, control leads agents to withhold effort only when procedural fairness concerns are ignored and control is imposed unilaterally with an asymmetric effect on the agent. (JEL C7, C9, L2, M5)

中文翻译：

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程序公正与控制成本

大量不断增长的文献表明，对代理人施加控制可能会适得其反，从而导致代理人放弃努力。与程序公正性原则一致，我们发现施加控制的方式（尤其是对委托人和代理人是否对称地施加控制，以及双方是否对控制施加发言权）都会影响代理对控制的反应。在我们的情况下，只有在忽略程序公平性问题并且单方面施加控制权而对代理人产生不对称影响的情况下，控制权才导致代理人放弃努力。（JEL C7，C9，L2，M5）