In his long reign, King Chulalongkorn displayed deep wisdom and political acumen in laying down the foundation of the Siamese nation-state. He continued the project of his father in modernizing Siamese state and society. In the early period of his reign, his efforts were opposed by conservative forces and vested interested, but he bid his time and pressed on when situation improved. With a weak military and no support from Britain, he was forced to give outlying territories to France under gunboat threats. The event spurred him on to speed up and intensify the program to modernize and build a unitary and absolutist modern state. His visits abroad and other exposures to the outside world stimulated him to take steps to build a Siamese nation by nurturing a collective sense of identity of the peoples in Siam. By virtue of his achievements, he left behind a significant legacy and a distinctive imprint on the Thai political culture. The paper discusses to what extent was Siam different from her neighbors, given the fact that she was able to escape being colonized.

中文翻译：

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朱拉隆功国王作为早期暹罗民族国家的缔造者

朱拉隆功国王在其漫长的统治期间，在奠定暹罗民族国家的基础上展现了深厚的智慧和政治敏锐度。他延续了父亲在暹罗国家和社会现代化方面的计划。在位初期，他的努力遭到保守势力的反对和既得利益者的反对，但他却在形势好转时抓紧时间推进。由于军事力量薄弱，没有英国的支持，他被迫在炮舰威胁下将边远领土割让给法国。这一事件促使他加快和加强现代化和建立统一和专制现代国家的计划。他的海外访问和其他对外部世界的接触促使他采取措施，通过培养暹罗人民的集体认同感来建立一个暹罗国家。凭借他的成就，他在泰国政治文化中留下了重要的遗产和独特的印记。这篇论文讨论了暹罗与她的邻居在多大程度上不同，因为她能够逃脱被殖民的事实。