Multigenerational disadvantage is related to patterns of family formation because divergent childbearing pathways widen socioeconomic differences in children’s resources. Socioeconomic differences in the timing of first family formation (age at first birth) in Australia have been found using educational attainment as a proxy for socioeconomic status. International evidence suggests that income may be a more direct measure, however its use is confounded by its relationship with work hours. Using Australian prospective panel data, and discrete-time hazard models with time-varying effects, this paper explores how income and work hours influence first birth timing for Australian women. The results indicate that higher gross weekly wages reduce the risk of first birth at younger ages and increase the risk at older ages. The hourly wage and work hours components of gross weekly wages are then separated, and the independent effects on first birth timing are analysed. There is a clearer effect of higher wages, while working part-time is significantly associated with a higher risk of first birth at any age. The results suggest that while some employment facilitates childbearing, there are socioeconomic differences in the timing of first family formation for Australian women and that accounting for work hours may be important when examining the effect of income.

中文翻译：

---

收入和工作时间对澳大利亚妇女的第一胎的影响

多代人的劣势与家庭形成的模式有关，因为不同的生育途径扩大了儿童资源的社会经济差异。使用教育程度作为社会经济地位的替代指标，发现了澳大利亚初次家庭形成的时间（初生年龄）的社会经济差异。国际证据表明，收入可能是更直接的衡量标准，但是收入的使用因其与工作时间的关系而混淆。本文使用澳大利亚的前瞻性面板数据以及具有时变效应的离散时间危害模型，探讨了收入和工作时间如何影响澳大利亚女性的初生时间。结果表明，较高的每周总工资降低了年轻时首次生育的​​风险，而增加了老年时的风险。然后，将每周总工资的小时工资和工作时间部分分开，并分析其对首次生育时间的独立影响。更高的工资具有更明显的效果，而兼职工作与任何年龄段的较高的初生风险显着相关。结果表明，虽然某些工作有利于生育，但澳大利亚妇女在初次家庭成立的时间上存在社会经济差异，并且在核算收入的影响时考虑工作时间可能很重要。