This paper examines the impact of gender empowerment on labor market performance of U.S. married immigrants across different family types. Three types of families are defined based on the nationality of immigrants’ spouses; ‘Home-country Marriage’ where both spouses come from the same home-country, ‘Native Marriage’ where one spouse is an immigrant and the other is a Native, and ‘Foreign Marriage’ where both spouses are immigrants, but each comes from a different country of origin from the other. Recognizing the role of gender ideology across different family structures, this study provides empirical evidence of the impact culturally based gender status has on immigrants across family types. Labor market performance is measured by wages and the labor force participation decision of immigrants, using the Ordinary Least Squares and Logit models. The gender empowerment measure is utilized to reflect different cultural and institutional conditions, which shape gender status in the immigrants’ home countries. Results indicate the positive effect of gender equality on women’s earnings and labor force participation, as well as that home-country gender status strongly influence women’s labor force participation and earnings when they share the same cultural norms as their husbands. Interestingly, women are more influenced by their spouses’ gender norms than men when immigrants come from a different cultural gender norm than their spouse.

中文翻译：

---

家庭类型和增强性别能力：已婚移民的劳动力市场表现

本文研究了赋予性别权力对不同家庭类型的美国已婚移民劳动力市场表现的影响。根据移民配偶的国籍，定义了三种类型的家庭。“配偶婚姻”是指配偶双方都来自同一个祖国；“本国婚姻”是指配偶一方是移民，另一方是原住民；“外国婚姻”是指配偶双方均为移民，但每个人都来自同一国家。与其他国家/地区不同。认识到性别意识形态在不同家庭结构中的作用，本研究提供了基于文化的性别地位对不同家庭移民的影响的经验证据。劳动力市场绩效是使用普通最小二乘和Logit模型通过工资和移民的劳动力参与决策来衡量的。赋予性别权利的措施被用来反映不同的文化和体制条件，这些条件塑造了移民本国的性别状况。结果表明，性别平等对妇女的收入和劳动力参与的积极影响，以及本国的性别状况在与丈夫具有相同的文化规范时，对妇女的劳动力参与和收入有很大影响。有趣的是，当移民来自与配偶不同的文化性别规范时，女性比男性受配偶性别规范的影响更大。结果表明，性别平等对妇女的收入和劳动力参与的积极影响，以及本国的性别状况在与丈夫具有相同的文化规范时，对妇女的劳动力参与和收入有很大影响。有趣的是，当移民来自与配偶不同的文化性别规范时，女性比男性受配偶性别规范的影响更大。结果表明，性别平等对妇女的收入和劳动力参与的积极影响，以及本国的性别状况在与丈夫具有相同的文化规范时，对妇女的劳动力参与和收入有很大影响。有趣的是，当移民来自与配偶不同的文化性别规范时，女性比男性受配偶性别规范的影响更大。