In this paper, we propose a user equilibrium model considering the three most important factors influencing route choice behaviour in a road network, namely, travel time, travel time reliability and monetary cost. We further develop the time surplus maximisation bi-objective user equilibrium (TSmaxBUE) model and incorporate the concept of travel time budget to model how users might react to uncertainty induced by day-to-day variability in travel time caused by traffic incidents. This results in a three-objective user equilibrium model, which has a possibly infinite set of equilibrium flows. To compute equilibrium flows, we introduce time budget surplus (TBS) defined as the maximum travel time a user is willing to spend minus the actual time budget required for a desired level of travel time reliability. At equilibrium, for each origin-destination (O-D) pair, all individuals are travelling on the path with the highest TBS value among all the efficient paths between this O-D pair. This becomes a time budget surplus maximisation three-objective user equilibrium model (TBSmaxTUE). We show that the TBSmaxTUE model is a special case of three-objective user equilibrium considering minimisation of expected travel time, travel time variance and toll (monetary cost) as objectives. We illustrate the model and our results on a small network.

中文翻译：

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三目标用户平衡模型：不确定条件下的时间剩余最大化

在本文中，我们提出了一个用户平衡模型，该模型考虑了影响道路网络中路线选择行为的三个最重要因素，即行驶时间，行驶时间可靠性和货币成本。我们进一步开发了时间剩余最大化双目标用户平衡（TSmaxBUE）模型，并纳入了旅行时间预算的概念，以建模用户如何应对交通事故引起的旅行时间的日常变化所引起的不确定性。这导致了一个三目标用户平衡模型，该模型可能具有无限的平衡流集。为了计算平衡流量，我们引入了时间预算盈余（TBS），它定义为用户愿意花费的最大旅行时间减去期望的旅行时间可靠性水平所需的实际时间预算。在平衡状态下 对于每个始发地（OD）对，所有个人都在该OD对之间所有有效路径中具有最高TBS值的路径上行驶。这成为时间预算盈余最大化三目标用户均衡模型（TBSmaxTUE）。我们表明，TBSmaxTUE模型是三目标用户均衡的特例，考虑了预期旅行时间，旅行时间差异和通行费（货币成本）的最小化。我们在一个小型网络上说明了模型和结果。我们表明，TBSmaxTUE模型是三目标用户均衡的特例，考虑了预期旅行时间，旅行时间差异和通行费（货币成本）的最小化。我们在一个小型网络上说明了模型和结果。我们表明，TBSmaxTUE模型是三目标用户均衡的特例，考虑了预期旅行时间，旅行时间差异和通行费（货币成本）的最小化。我们在一个小型网络上说明了模型和结果。