This article examines the gendered politics of public health initiatives among Jews in interwar Poland by focusing on the establishment and activity of the Warsaw School of Nursing (Szkoła Pielęgniarstwa przy Szypitalu Starozakonnych w Warszawie). Founded in 1923 and funded by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, the school’s staff believed that they could shape the attitudes and behaviors of Polish Jewish women and use them as a conduit to advance their vision for a Polish state committed to the protection of Jews and their equality before the law. Drawing upon the voices of JDC officials, local Jewish health activists, Polish government officials, and young Jewish women in the Second Polish Republic, the article highlights the multiple and frequently conflicting ways in which gender figured in their political imagination. It also sheds light on the efforts of American Jewish humanitarian activists and Polish Jewish women alike—much like their counterparts throughout Europe and North America—to reframe traditional gendered expectations for women in order to expand their range of professional choices and the roles they could play in public life. The final section of this article recounts the school’s decline and compares its fate to a Jewish nursing school initiative in the city of Vilna. In doing so, it assesses the limits of the Joint Distribution Committee’s interethnic bridge-building initiatives in interwar Poland.

中文翻译：

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公共卫生的性别政治：两次世界大战期间波兰的犹太护士和美国联合分配委员会

本文通过关注华沙护理学院 (Szkoła Pielęgniarstwa przy Szypitalu Starozakonnych w Warszawie) 的建立和活动，研究了两次世界大战期间波兰犹太人的公共卫生倡议的性别政治。学校成立于 1923 年，由美国犹太人联合分配委员会资助，学校的工作人员相信他们可以塑造波兰犹太妇女的态度和行为，并将其作为一种渠道来推进他们对致力于保护犹太人和妇女的波兰国家的愿景。他们在法律面前人人平等。文章借鉴了 JDC 官员、当地犹太健康活动家、波兰政府官员和波兰第二共和国的年轻犹太妇女的声音，强调了性别在其政治想象中的多重且经常相互冲突的方式。它还揭示了美国犹太人道主义活动家和波兰犹太妇女——就像她们在欧洲和北美的同行一样——努力重新构建对女性的传统性别期望，以扩大她们的职业选择范围和她们可以扮演的角色在公共生活中。本文的最后一部分叙述了学校的衰落，并将其命运与维尔纳市的犹太护理学校计划进行了比较。在这样做的过程中，它评估了联合分配委员会在两次世界大战之间的波兰建立跨种族桥梁倡议的局限性。