This article is an attempt to investigate the connections between Muslim ulema of Malabar and the general Muslim population in the Indian Ocean region. The ulema were part of an ever-evolving transnational knowledge network of this region in which various kinds of scholars and texts were in continuous motion. In the sixteenth century, in the wake of the expansion of Portuguese imperial ambitions, the ulema conceived of the importance of building Islamic communities of multiple resistances around shafiite texts and discourses. It looks at the complex scribal and hortatory engagements of the Malabar ulema and examines three major forms of resistance—pietistic, jurisprudential and physical—that they produced in the larger Indian Ocean region. Therefore, this article moves beyond the existing historiography that focuses on jihad (armed resistance) narratives, and demonstrates alternative ways of reading the period—which included the multiple ways in which the ulema constructed a consistent consciousness of resistance against the Portuguese. Arguments in the article are located within the concepts of fasad (social and political disorder) and fitna (collapse of internal cohesion)—two major Islamic social and political categories. They, I show, attained very specific scribal and theological significance in the Indian Ocean textual network in the sixteenth century, and also acquired particular kinds of textual idioms.

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沙菲特大都会中的马拉巴尔·乌莱玛

本文试图调查马拉巴尔穆斯林乌里玛与印度洋地区一般穆斯林人口之间的联系。ulema 是该地区不断发展的跨国知识网络的一部分，各种学者和文本在其中不断流动。在 16 世纪，随着葡萄牙帝国野心的扩张，乌莱玛想到了围绕沙菲派文本和话语建立多重抵抗的伊斯兰社区的重要性。它着眼于马拉巴尔乌莱玛复杂的抄写和劝诫参与，并考察了他们在更大的印度洋地区产生的三种主要形式的抵抗——虔诚的、法学的和身体的——。所以，这篇文章超越了关注圣战（武装抵抗）叙事的现有史学，并展示了阅读该时期的其他方式——其中包括乌里玛构建对葡萄牙人的一致抵抗意识的多种方式。文章中的论点位于 fasad（社会和政治混乱）和 fitna（内部凝聚力崩溃）这两个主要的伊斯兰社会和政治类别的概念中。我表明，它们在 16 世纪的印度洋文本网络中获得了非常具体的抄写和神学意义，并且还获得了特定种类的文本习语。并展示了阅读该时期的其他方式——其中包括乌里玛构建了一种对葡萄牙人的一致抵抗意识的多种方式。文章中的论点位于 fasad（社会和政治混乱）和 fitna（内部凝聚力崩溃）这两个主要的伊斯兰社会和政治类别的概念中。我表明，它们在 16 世纪的印度洋文本网络中获得了非常具体的抄写和神学意义，并且还获得了特定种类的文本习语。并展示了阅读该时期的其他方式——其中包括乌里玛构建了一种对葡萄牙人的一致抵抗意识的多种方式。文章中的论点位于 fasad（社会和政治混乱）和 fitna（内部凝聚力崩溃）这两个主要的伊斯兰社会和政治类别的概念中。我表明，它们在 16 世纪的印度洋文本网络中获得了非常具体的抄写和神学意义，并且还获得了特定种类的文本习语。