Nineteenth-century Belgian authorities liked to consider themselves as liberal towards migrants, but the 340,000 expulsions carried out between 1835 and 1913 paint a different picture. This article assesses how the development of Belgian railway networks influenced controls of entry and expulsion practices through seven borderland hubs with international rail connections. It first details how control stations followed changes in transport infrastructure and that some form of border control on human mobility was upheld throughout the nineteenth century. Second, it explains how railways drastically changed expulsions allowing the Sûreté Publique (i.e. the Belgian Foreigners Police) to establish a well-oiled deportation apparatus which became a central pillar of migration policies. Using Walters' concept of “viapolitics”, it details how transport systems and infrastructure shaped the state's ability to govern migrants.

中文翻译：

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骑在驱逐的轨道上：铁路对边境管制和驱逐做法的影响

19 世纪的比利时当局喜欢认为自己对移民持开放态度，但 1835 年至 1913 年间进行的 340,000 次驱逐描绘了一幅不同的画面。本文评估比利时铁路网络的发展如何通过七个具有国际铁路连接的边境枢纽影响入境和驱逐做法的控制。它首先详细说明了控制站如何跟随运输基础设施的变化，以及在整个 19 世纪坚持某种形式的对人员流动的边境控制。其次，它解释了铁路如何彻底改变驱逐令 Sûreté Publique（即比利时外国人警察）建立一个运转良好的驱逐机构，该机构成为移民政策的核心支柱。运用沃尔特斯的“viapolitics”概念，