Courts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland have identified children and adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) as vulnerable witnesses. The call from the English Court of Appeal is for advocates to adjust questioning during cross-examination according to individual needs. This review systematically examined previous empirical studies with the aim of delineating the particular communication needs of children and adults with ID during cross-examination. Studies utilising experimental methodology similar to examination/cross-examination processes, or which assessed the communication of actual cross-examinations in court were included. A range of communication challenges were highlighted, including: suggestibility to leading questions and negative feedback; acquiescence; accuracy; memory and understanding of court language. In addition, a number of influencing factors were identified, including: age; IQ level; question styles used. This review highlights the need for further research using cross-examination methodology and live practice, that take into consideration the impact on communication of the unique environment and situation of the cross-examination process.

中文翻译：

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智障儿童和成人在法庭上的交流和盘问：系统评价

英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰的法院已将智障 (ID) 的儿童和成人确定为弱势证人。英国上诉法院呼吁辩护人根据个人需要调整盘问时的提问。本综述系统地审查了先前的实证研究，目的是在盘问期间描述患有智力障碍的儿童和成人的特殊交流需求。包括使用类似于考试/盘问过程的实验方法的研究，或评估法庭上实际盘问交流的研究。强调了一系列沟通挑战，包括：对引导性问题和负面反馈的暗示性；默认; 准确性; 对法庭语言的记忆和理解。此外，确定了许多影响因素，包括： 年龄；智商水平；使用的问题样式。本综述强调了使用交叉询问方法和现场实践进行进一步研究的必要性，其中考虑到交叉询问过程的独特环境和情况对交流的影响。