The intersection of helicopter parenting, gender, and single-parent family on self-efficacy and well-being is examined. Existing research on helicopter parenting focuses on negative consequences. Using a sample of students at a university in the mid-southern United States (N = 247), we find that helicopter parenting is negatively related to self-efficacy and well-being for emerging adult sons from single-parent family backgrounds. Previous research suggests a negative relationship of divorce on sons. In addition, our study finds no substantive relationship of helicopter parenting to self-efficacy and well-being for women. This is an intriguing finding given previous research finding negative consequences. The impacts of helicopter parenting are not uniform across different demographic groups. This information is important for family counselors as well as university administrators in relation to the growing concern for parental involvement in students’ affairs.

中文翻译：

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直升机育儿以及性别和单亲家庭结构对自我效能和幸福感的调节作用

检查了直升机养育、性别和单亲家庭对自我效能和幸福感的交叉点。现有的直升机育儿研究侧重于负面后果。使用美国中南部一所大学的学生样本（N = 247），我们发现直升机养育与来自单亲家庭背景的新兴成年儿子的自我效能和幸福感呈负相关。先前的研究表明离婚对儿子的负面影响。此外，我们的研究发现，直升机式养育与女性的自我效能感和幸福感没有实质性关系。鉴于之前的研究发现了负面影响，这是一个有趣的发现。直升机育儿的影响在不同的人口群体中并不一致。