During the latter half of the seventeenth and the early eighteenth centuries, the widespread practice of assigning ijāra or farming out of revenue-collection rights over territories within the jāgīrs of imperial Mughal manṣabdārs to various political entities in North India, notably the Kachhwaha Rajput chiefs of Amber, led to heavy fiscal exactions that were deeply resented by the peasants and provoked them to revolt. These revolts gave rise to a number of ambitious zamīndārs, who emerged as ‘saviours’ of peasants against the excesses of the state or were perceived as such by the peasants. Notable among such local zamīndārs was Churaman, a Jat zamīndār in the Braj region who capitalised on his popularity among the peasants and their support to mount a formidable challenge to the Mughal court and the Amber state and carve out a significant sphere of authority in North India (parts of present-day eastern Rajasthan and western Uttar Pradesh) through a combination of military successes against the Amber state, tactics of intimidation and persuasion in relation to the imperial manṣabdārs, and deft manoeuvres to exploit the intense factional politics of the late Mughal court. Drawing chiefly upon Rajasthani archival sources, this essay seeks to bring out the various dimensions of Churaman’s leadership, while tracing his rise and role as a popular Jat peasant leader, the socio-economic bases of his power, the Mughal and Rajput perceptions about him, and the crucial linkages between his role in establishing the Jats as a formidable force in North Indian politics and in the formation of a Jat state.

中文翻译：

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丘拉曼和17世纪末至18世纪初的贾特州立

在十七世纪下半叶和十八世纪初，广泛的做法是，将帝国莫卧儿王朝士兵在jāgīr境内的领土上的收入征收权中的ijāra或耕作分配给北印度的各个政治实体，特别是印度的卡赫瓦哈·拉杰普特酋长琥珀导致了严重的财政收支，这引起了农民的强烈不满，并促使他们起义。这些起义引起了许多雄心勃勃的赞丹达人，他们是抵抗国家过剩的农民的“救世主”，或者被农民视为。在这类本地赞美人中，著名的是楚拉曼（Churaman），布拉杰（Braj）地区的贾特·赞米达（Jatzamīndār），他利用他在农民中的声望及其支持，对莫卧儿朝廷和琥珀州发起了巨大挑战，并在印度北部（现今东部拉贾斯坦邦的部分地区）开辟了重要的权威领域北方邦和西部北方邦），通过对琥珀色国家的军事成功，对帝国ṣ下的恐吓和说服策略以及巧妙的演习来利用已故莫卧儿宫廷的激烈派系政治。本文主要借鉴拉贾斯坦邦的档案资料，力图展示丘拉曼领导层的各个方面，同时追溯丘拉曼的崛起和他作为一名著名的贾特农民领袖的角色，其权力的社会经济基础，莫卧儿和拉杰普特对他的看法，