A generative turn in scholarship examines the institutional and political dimensions of Islamophobia, conceptualizing Muslim representations as a mechanism of ethnoracial formation in which the media is one such site of racialization. Moments of great political and cultural transformation can motivate and activate these racial projects, generating racialized representations that attach racial meaning to bodies. Much of the research on Muslim representations in news media centers on this very question: did the attacks of 9/11 usher in a new racial project? Previous studies offer competing hypotheses. Bridging social movement and communication theories with a theory of ethnoracial formation, the author develops an approach for evaluating racial framing processes through a comparison of diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational frames. The author applies this approach using computational text analysis techniques to examine latent shifts in the racial framing of Muslims in the New York Times in the decade before and after 9/11. The author finds evidence of increasingly racialized, but more complex, representations of Muslims in the decade after 9/11 in which diagnostic frames evolve from locating social problems in states and institutions to locating social problems in Muslim bodies. Prognostic frames shift from institutional reforms to those targeting group pathology. The author argues that excavating the latent mechanisms of racial projects helps us better understand the dynamic and ongoing processes of ethnoracial formation.

中文翻译：

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所有适合印刷的穆斯林：种族框架作为1992年至2010年《纽约时报》穆斯林民族形成的机制

世代相传的学术研究考察了伊斯兰恐惧症的制度和政治方面，将穆斯林的代表概念概念化为一种民族形成机制，其中媒体就是种族化的一个场所。重大政治和文化变革的时刻可以激发并激活这些种族项目，产生将种族意义赋予身体的种族化表象。关于新闻媒体中穆斯林代表制的许多研究都集中在这个问题上：9/11的袭击是否带来了一个新的种族计划？先前的研究提供了相互竞争的假设。通过将民族运动和传播理论与民族形成理论联系起来，作者开发了一种通过比较诊断，预后和动机框架来评估种族框架过程的方法。作者使用计算文本分析技术来应用这种方法，以检验9/11前后十年间《纽约时报》中穆斯林种族框架中的潜在变化。作者发现有证据表明，在9/11之后的十年中，穆斯林的代表越来越种族化，但更加复杂，其诊断框架从定位国家和机构中的社会问题演变为定位穆斯林机构中的社会问题。预后框架从机构改革转向针对团体病理的改革。作者认为，挖掘种族项目的潜在机制有助于我们更好地了解种族形成的动态过程和正在进行的过程。