Towards the end of the decade long Iran–Iraq war, Saddam Hussein launched a deadly attack against the Kurds, known as the Anfal Campaign, killing more than a hundred thousand. One of the largest acts of genocide occurred on 18 March 1988 in the Kurdish city of Halabja. On that day, sweet-smelling poison gas was poured over the city, killing at least five thousand. Since 2001 Kurdish moviemakers have memorialized the tragedy of the Halabja massacre by producing cinematic dramas and narrative documentaries. These films are part of a discourse of authenticity and a politics of culture that permeate the Kurdish independence movement. This essay proposes that Halabja films can be divided into three stages: the era of consolidation, 2000 to 2009; the golden era, 2009 to early 2014; and the fall which followed the fall of Mosul to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Each era reveals new attitudes towards politics, society, and the massacre.

中文翻译：

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屏幕上哀悼哈拉布贾：或通过安法尔电影阅读库尔德政治

在长达十年的两伊战争接近尾声时，萨达姆侯赛因对库尔德人发动了一场致命的袭击，被称为安法尔战役，造成十万多人死亡。1988 年 3 月 18 日，库尔德城市哈拉布贾发生了最大的种族灭绝事件之一。那一天，香喷喷的毒气席卷全城，至少有五千人死亡。自 2001 年以来，库尔德电影制作人通过制作电影剧和叙事纪录片来纪念 Halabja 大屠杀的悲剧。这些电影是渗透到库尔德独立运动中的真实性话语和文化政治的一部分。本文提出Halabja电影可以分为三个阶段：整合时代，2000年至2009年；黄金时代，2009 年至 2014 年初；以及摩苏尔沦为伊拉克和叙利亚伊斯兰国之后的沦陷。每个时代都揭示了对政治、社会和大屠杀的新态度。