Poverty is a major social problem in the United States: in 2014, the U.S. Census Bureau reported 46.7 million people living in poverty and an estimated 14.8 percent poverty rate. The poverty rate has been steadily increasing in the United States, with a 2 percent increase in 2012 over 2007. Federal and state governments have initiated many anti-poverty programs, starting with the New Deal Program in the 1930s. With the advent of a new governance approach in the 1990s, many hierarchical bureaucratic government agencies were replaced with public, private, network, and collaborative approaches to solve this complex national problem. Tax expenditures, vouchers, and grants are the three major governance tools used by the U.S. federal and state governments to fight poverty. This article addresses three important programs—the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)—used in fighting poverty in the United States and discusses the problem of poverty, the effectiveness of these governance tools, suggestions for future research, and policy implications

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美国的贫困：相关项目回顾

贫困是美国的一个主要社会问题：2014 年，美国人口普查局报告有 4670 万人生活在贫困中，贫困率估计为 14.8%。美国的贫困率一直在稳步上升，2012 年比 2007 年增加了 2%。联邦和州政府启动了许多反贫困计划，从 1930 年代的新政计划开始。随着 1990 年代新治理方法的出现，许多等级森严的官僚政府机构被公共、私人、网络和协作方法所取代，以解决这个复杂的国家问题。税收支出、代金券和赠款是美国联邦和州政府用来对抗贫困的三大治理工具。