Indigenous Peoples and salmon in the lands now called Alaska have been closely entwined for at least 12,000 years. Salmon continue to be central to the ways of life of Alaska Natives, contributing to physical, social, economic, cultural, spiritual, psychological, and emotional well-being. Salmon have also become important to Alaskan settlers. Our research and advisory team conducted a synthesis of what is known about these diverse human–salmon relationships, drawing on 865 published scientific studies; Indigenous knowledge; state, federal, and tribal data; archival materials; oral histories; and cross-cultural dialogs at working group meetings. Two important socio-cultural dimensions of salmon–people systems emerged from this synthesis as fundamentally important but largely invisible outside of Indigenous communities and the social science disciplines that work closely with these communities: (1) the deep relationships between Indigenous Peoples and salmon and (2) the pronounced inequities that threaten these relationships and stewardship systems. These deep relationships are evident in the spiritual, cultural, social, and economic centrality of salmon across time and cultures in Alaska. We describe Indigenous salmon stewardship systems for the Tlingit, Ahtna, and Central Yup'ik. The inequities in Alaska's salmon systems are evident in the criminalization and limitation of traditional fishing ways of life and the dramatic alienation of Indigenous fishing rights. The loss of fish camps and legal battles over traditional hunting and fishing rights through time has caused deep hardship and stress. Statewide, the commodification and marketization of commercial fishing rights has dispossessed Indigenous communities from their human and cultural rights to fishing ways of life; as a result, many rural and Indigenous youth struggle to gain access to fishing livelihoods, leaving many fishing communities in a precarious state. These deep relationships and relatively recent fractures have motivated a concerted effort by a group of committed Indigenous and western scholars to better understand the root causes and opportunities for redress, as well as to document the breadth of research that has already been conducted, in an effort to improve the visibility of these often-overlooked dimensions of our salmon systems.

中文翻译：

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土著人民与鲑鱼管理：至关重要的关系

在现在称为阿拉斯加的土地上，土著人民和鲑鱼已经紧密交织在一起至少12,000年。鲑鱼仍然是阿拉斯加原住民生活方式的中心，为身体，社会，经济，文化，精神，心理和情感幸福做出了贡献。鲑鱼对阿拉斯加定居者也很重要。我们的研究和咨询团队利用865项已发表的科学研究对这些人与鲑鱼之间的各种关系进行了综合了解。土著知识；州，联邦和部落数据；档案资料；口述历史；在工作组会议上进行跨文化对话。鲑鱼-人系统的两个重要的社会文化维度从这一综合中产生出来，它们在土著社区和与这些社区紧密合作的社会科学学科之外具有根本重要性，但在很大程度上是不可见的：（1）土著人民与鲑鱼之间的深层关系以及（ 2）明显的不平等威胁着这些关系和管理系统。这些深层次的关系在整个阿拉斯加的时间和文化中从鲑鱼的精神，文化，社会和经济中心地位可见一斑。我们描述了Tlingit，Ahtna和Central Yup'ik的土著鲑鱼管理系统。阿拉斯加鲑鱼系统的不平等表现在对传统捕鱼生活方式的定罪和限制以及对土著捕鱼权的严重疏远方面。随着时间的流逝，鱼营的丧失和对传统狩猎和捕鱼权的法律斗争造成了深重的困难和压力。在全州范围内，商业捕鱼权的商品化和市场化使土著社区从其人权和文化权利转向捕鱼生活方式；结果，许多农村和土著青年挣扎着寻求捕鱼的生计，使许多捕鱼社区处于不稳定的状态。这些深厚的关系和相对较新的骨折促使一批坚定的土著和西方学者共同努力，以更好地了解补救的根本原因和机会，并记录已经开展的研究的广度。来提高我们鲑鱼系统这些经常被忽视的尺寸的可见性。