Invasion by exotic grasses is degrading dryland ecosystems worldwide and efforts to restore native vegetation in invaded areas have been largely unsuccessful. Control of invasive grasses with herbicide also limits restoration efforts using native seed. In this study, we evaluated two approaches that could allow for the restoration of a native species Pseudoroegneria spicata while reducing an invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum with a herbicide mixture in the sagebrush steppe ecosystem (the United States). We used two methods to protect native seeds from herbicide: activated carbon was applied as a seed coating with the intent of absorbing the herbicide around the seed, and furrows were used to side-sweep soil sprayed with herbicide away from the planted seed. Our results indicate that imazapic + glyphosate herbicide application had a strong negative effect on the invasive annual grass, reducing B. tectorum cover 91% after 1 year, and 39% after 2 years. Herbicide also had strong negative effects on P. spicata without a carbon-coating or furrow treatment, reducing seedling emergence 38%, 2-year plant density 65%, and 2-year total growth 90%. Both activated carbon seed coatings and furrow treatments limited herbicide effects on P. spicata 2-year growth, but neither treatment alone mitigated herbicide effects on all life stages. Combining carbon coatings and furrow treatments mitigated harmful herbicide effects on several plant stages (seedling emergence, plant densities, and growth). Our results suggest that combining activated carbon coatings and furrow results in similar establishment of a native perennial as a non-herbicide seeding and lowers B. tectorum abundance.

中文翻译：

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选择性除草剂控制：使用犁沟和碳种子涂层来建立原生丛草，同时减少小草覆盖

外来草的入侵正在退化世界范围内的旱地生态系统，在入侵地区恢复原生植被的努力基本上没有成功。用除草剂控制入侵草也限制了使用本地种子的恢复工作。在这项研究中，我们评估了两种方法，它们可以恢复本地物种Pseudoroegneria spicata，同时减少入侵的一年生草Bromus tectorum在山艾树草原生态系统（美国）中使用除草剂混合物。我们使用了两种方法来保护原生种子免受除草剂的侵害：将活性炭用作种子涂层，目的是吸收种子周围的除草剂，并使用犁沟将喷洒了除草剂的土壤从种植的种子上扫走。我们的结果表明，灭草烟+草甘膦除草剂的施用对侵入性一年生禾草有很强的负面影响，一年后减少91% 的B. tectorum覆盖率，2 年后减少39%。除草剂也对P. spicata产生强烈的负面影响没有碳涂层或犁沟处理，使出苗率降低 38%，2 年植株密度 65%，2 年总生长量 90%。活性炭种子包衣和犁沟处理都限制了P. spicata 2 年生长的除草剂作用，但两种单独的处理都不能减轻所有生命阶段的除草剂作用。结合碳涂层和犁沟处理减轻了对几个植物阶段（幼苗出苗、植物密度和生长）的有害除草剂影响。我们的结果表明，结合活性炭涂层和犁沟导致与非除草剂播种类似的本地多年生植物建立并降低B. tectorum丰度。