An adaptable and simplified arc underwater set-up is designed for synthesis of nanostructured carbon materials (NSCM) such as carbon onions (CO), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nanoscale graphitic carbon (NGC). Essentially, the set-up consists of a DC power supply, two graphite electrodes and a container for de-ionized water storage. Transmission electron microscopic analysis confirmed that the cathode deposit, floating particles and settled materials consist of MWCNTs, CO and NGC, respectively. The kind of NSCM formation is critically governed by temperature gradient and cooling rate created due to bubble collapse in nucleate boiling during the arcing process. Based on the anode consumption, the total yield of the carbon materials is about $\sim$25.5 wt% which consists 5 wt% of FP, 8.5 wt% of CD and remaining 12 wt% of SP. FP, CD, and SP presented crystallite size of 23.69 nm, 11.84 nm, and 28.91 nm, respectively. The high rate and moderate rate of cooling will determine the growth of MWCNTs and CO, respectively. NGC exhibited specific capacity of 325 mAhg${}^{-1}$ with lithium half-cell after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mAg⁻¹.

设计了一种适应性强且简化的水下弧形装置，用于合成纳米结构碳材料（NSCM），例如碳洋葱（CO），多壁碳纳米管（MWCNT）和纳米级石墨碳（NGC）。本质上，该装置包括一个直流电源，两个石墨电极和一个用于去离子水存储的容器。透射电子显微镜分析证实，阴极沉积物，漂浮颗粒和沉降材料分别由MWCNT，CO和NGC组成。NSCM形成的类型严格受电弧放电过程中由于核沸腾中气泡破裂而产生的温度梯度和冷却速率的严格控制。根据阳极消耗量，碳材料的总产量约为$〜$25.5重量％，其由5重量％的FP，8.5重量％的CD和其余12重量％的SP组成。FP，CD和SP的微晶尺寸分别为23.69 nm，11.84 nm和28.91 nm。高冷却速率和中等冷却速率将分别决定MWCNT和CO的增长。NGC的比容量为325 mAhg${}^{-\mathrm{1个}}$用锂半电池在50个循环后以100 mAg ^-1的电流密度充电。