Electric vehicles(EVs) have attracted considerable interests in recent years owing to its potential in reducing environmental emissions and operating costs from the transportation sector. However, the temporal environmental and economic benefits from replacing internal-combustion-engine vehicles (ICEVs) with EVs during the operation phase is not clear. Different from ICEVs, EVs use lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as the power source, which degrades over time, reducing the driving range and charging-discharging efficiency, increasing the energy consumption, operating cost and environmental impacts. Currently, most of the environmental and economic analyses of EVs have not considered the performance worsens over time and thus not accurate in the long-term assessment. In order to fill this gap, this paper presents a mathematical model to evaluate and benchmark the economic and environmental benefits of adopting EVs over ICEVs over a 10-year operation phase by incorporating the battery degradation and spatiotemporal operation models. This analysis indicates that the EV energy consumption increases 86.3 Wh/mile after ten years’ operation, which could reduce the GHG emissions and economic saving potential of replacing ICEV with EVs by 18.9% and 9.28%. Furthermore, on the state-level, considering the battery replacement, the environmental (Indiana and Wyoming) and economic (Hawaii) benefits from the adoption of EVs over ICEVs are mostly counteracted during the operation phase. The results can provide a basic understanding of the environmental-economic performance of EVs compared to ICEVs over the 10-year vehicle operation phase, which could assist policy-makers and customers in making a better selection of vehicles and battery replacement based on their specific operation conditions.

近年来，由于电动汽车具有减少交通运输部门的环境排放和运营成本的潜力，因此引起了广泛的关注。然而，在操作阶段用电动汽车代替内燃机汽车（ICEV）在时间和环境上的经济效益尚不清楚。与ICEV不同，EV使用锂离子电池（LIB）作为动力源，它会随着时间的流逝而退化，从而减小了续驶里程和充放电效率，增加了能耗，运营成本和环境影响。当前，大多数电动汽车的环境和经济分析都没有考虑到性能会随着时间的流逝而恶化，因此在长期评估中并不准确。为了填补这一空白，本文提出了一个数学模型，通过纳入电池退化和时空运行模型，评估并基准化了电动汽车在10年运营阶段相对于ICEV的经济和环境效益。该分析表明，运行十年后，电动汽车的能耗增加了86.3 Wh / mile，这可以减少用ICEV代替ICEV的温室气体排放量和经济节省潜力，分别为18.9％和9.28％。此外，在州一级，考虑到电池的更换，在运营阶段，抵消了电动汽车比ICEV带来的环境（印第安纳州和怀俄明州）和经济（夏威夷州）的收益。该结果可以提供在10年的车辆运营阶段与EVEV相比，EV的环境经济性能的基本了解，