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Evolutionary trends of body size and hypsodonty in notoungulates and their probable drivers
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-18 , DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110306
Solórzano Andrés , Núñez-Flores Mónica

Members of the Order Notoungulata are among the most diverse and common mammals in South America during the Cenozoic. Several lineages within notoungulates (e.g., suborders Typotheria and Toxodontia) show a tendency for increased body sizes and hypsodonty during the last 50 Myr. However, the timing, evolutionary mode, and drivers of such tendencies are not entirely understood. In this paper, we use an extensive database of notoungulate fossil occurrences and body mass and hypsodonty estimates to characterize the evolutionary mode of these two phenotypic traits over time, test the extent to which several factors (e.g., development of open environments in the south of South America) have influenced it through time, and investigate whether large trait values were selected through elevated origination or reduced extinction rates. Our results demonstrate that most of the major notoungulate clades evolved toward larger body sizes (up 1500 kg) and higher tooth crown, from a small and low-crowned tooth ancestor, in a punctuated mode. We also show that body mass and the hypsodonty in typotherians and toxodonts had a coupled evolutionary history. Species sorting was a relevant macroevolutionary process in some notoungulate clades, as taxa with high teeth crown and body mass had lower extinction rates. Finally, the development of the hypsodonty in notoungulates must reflect repeated and quick instances of adaptive responses to the increased availability of volcanic or other terrigenous particles, within the broad context of the SSA Cenozoic Andean mountain building.



中文翻译:

非弓形虫及其可能的驱动力的体型和齿节进化趋势

Notoungulata阶的成员是新生代南美洲最多样化和最常见的哺乳动物之一。在非有蹄类动物中的几个血统(例如,Typotheria和Toxodontia的亚纲)在最近的50 Myr期间表现出体型增大和催眠的趋势。但是,这种趋势的时机,演化模式和驱动因素尚未完全被理解。在本文中,我们使用了一个广泛的非有蹄类化石发生以及体重和齿象估计的数据库来表征这两个表型性状随时间的演变模式,测试了多种因素的程度(例如,南部南部开放环境的发展)。南美)已随着时间的流逝对其产生了影响,并调查是否通过升高的起源或降低的灭绝率来选择较大的性状值。我们的结果表明,大多数主要的非弓形进化枝都从小而低的冠状祖先以标点模式向更大的体形(最大1500 kg)和更高的齿冠发展。我们还显示,体温和打字者和弓形虫的催眠术具有相关的进化史。在一些非弓形进化枝中,物种分选是一个相关的宏观进化过程,因为具有高齿冠和体重的类群的灭绝率较低。最后,在SSA新生代安第斯山脉建筑的广泛背景下,非弓形虫的催眠术的发展必须反映对火山或其他陆生颗粒可用性增加的适应性反应的反复和快速实例。从小而低冠的祖先,以标点符号的形式。我们还显示,体温和打字者和弓形虫的催眠术具有相关的进化史。在一些非弓形进化枝中,物种分选是一个相关的宏观进化过程,因为具有高齿冠和体重的类群的灭绝率较低。最后,在SSA新生代安第斯山脉建筑的广泛背景下,非弓形虫的催眠术的发展必须反映对火山或其他陆生颗粒可用性增加的适应性反应的反复和快速实例。从小而低冠的祖先,以标点符号的形式。我们还显示,体温和打字者和弓形虫的催眠术具有相关的进化史。在一些非弓形进化枝中,物种分选是一个相关的宏观进化过程,因为具有高齿冠和体重的类群的灭绝率较低。最后,在SSA新生代安第斯山脉建筑的广泛背景下,非弓形虫的催眠术的发展必须反映对火山或其他陆生颗粒可用性增加的适应性反应的反复和快速实例。在一些非弓形进化枝中,物种分选是一个相关的宏观进化过程,因为具有高齿冠和体重的类群的灭绝率较低。最后,在SSA新生代安第斯山脉建筑的广泛背景下,非弓形虫的催眠术的发展必须反映对火山或其他陆生颗粒可用性增加的适应性反应的反复和快速实例。在一些非弓形进化枝中,物种分选是一个相关的宏观进化过程,因为具有高齿冠和体重的类群的灭绝率较低。最后,在SSA新生代安第斯山脉建筑的广泛背景下,非弓形虫的催眠术的发展必须反映对火山或其他陆生颗粒可用性增加的适应性反应的反复和快速实例。

更新日期:2021-03-02
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