We show that a combined analysis of cosmic microwave background anisotropy power spectra obtained by the Planck satellite and luminosity distance data simultaneously excludes a flat universe and a cosmological constant at 99% confidence level. These results hold separately when combining Planck with three different data sets: the two determinations of the Hubble constant from Riess et al. and Freedman et al., and the Pantheon catalog of high-redshift Type Ia supernovae. We conclude that either the Lambda cold dark matter model needs to be replaced by a different paradigm, or else there are significant but still undetected systematics. Our result calls for new observations and stimulates the investigation of alternative theoretical models and solutions.

我们表明，对普朗克卫星获得的宇宙微波背景各向异性功率谱和光度距离数据的组合分析同时排除了平坦宇宙和 99% 置信水平的宇宙学常数。当将普朗克与三个不同的数据集相结合时，这些结果分别成立：Riess 等人对哈勃常数的两次确定。和 Freedman 等人，以及高红移 Ia 型超新星的万神殿目录。我们得出的结论是，要么 Lambda 冷暗物质模型需要被不同的范式取代，要么存在重要但仍未被发现的系统学。我们的结果需要新的观察，并刺激对替代理论模型和解决方案的研究。