Making Swimming Pools Safer: Does Copper–Silver Ionization with Chlorine Lower the Toxicity and Disinfection Byproduct Formation?,Environmental Science & Technology

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Making Swimming Pools Safer: Does Copper–Silver Ionization with Chlorine Lower the Toxicity and Disinfection Byproduct Formation?
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-17 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06287
Joshua M. Allen ₁ , Michael J. Plewa _{2,

3} , Elizabeth D. Wagner _{2,

3} , Xiao Wei _{2,

3,

4} , Gretchen E. Bollar ₁ , Lucy E. Quirk ₁ , Hannah K. Liberatore ₁ , Susan D. Richardson ₁

Affiliation

Swimming pools are commonly treated with chlorine, which reacts with the natural organic matter and organic matter introduced by swimmers and form disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that are associated with respiratory-related issues, including asthma, in avid swimmers. We investigated a complementary disinfectant to chlorine, copper–silver ionization (CSI), with the aim of lowering the amount of chlorine used in pools and limiting health risks from DBPs. We sampled an indoor and outdoor pool treated with CSI-chlorine during the swimming season in 2017–2018 and measured 71 DBPs, speciated total organic halogen, in vitro mammalian cell cytotoxicity, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) thiol reactivity as a cytotoxicity predictor. Controlled, simulated swimming pools were also investigated. Emerging DBP concentrations decreased by as much as 80% and cytotoxicity decreased as much as 70% in the indoor pool when a lower chlorine residual (1.0 mg/L) and CSI was used. Some DBPs were quantified for the first time in pools, including chloroacetaldehyde (up to 10.6 μg/L), the most cytotoxic haloacetaldehyde studied to date and a major driver of the measured cytotoxicity in this study. Three highly toxic iodinated haloacetic acids (iodoacetic acid, bromoiodoacetic acid, and chloroiodoacetic acid) were also quantified in pools for the first time. We also found that the NAC thiol reactivity was significantly correlated to cytotoxicity, which could be useful for predicting the cytotoxicity of swimming pool waters in future studies.

中文翻译：

使游泳池更安全：铜银离子与氯的电离作用是否会降低毒性和消毒副产物的形成？

游泳池通常用氯进行处理，氯会与游泳者引入的天然有机物和有机物发生反应，并在狂热的游泳者体内形成与呼吸系统相关问题（包括哮喘）相关的消毒副产物（DBP）。我们研究了氯，铜-银离子化（CSI）的补充消毒剂，目的是减少水池中使用的氯量并限制DBP对健康的危害。我们在2017-2018年游泳季节对室内和室外游泳池进行了CSI氯处理，并对其进行了测量，并测量了71种DBP，特定的总有机卤素，体外哺乳动物细胞的细胞毒性和N-乙酰基-l-半胱氨酸（NAC）硫醇反应性作为细胞毒性的预测因子。还研究了受控的模拟游泳池。当使用较低的氯残留量（1.0 mg / L）和CSI时，室内游泳池中新兴的DBP浓度降低多达80％，细胞毒性降低多达70％。一些DBP在库中首次进行了定量，包括氯乙醛（最高10.6μg/ L），迄今为止研究的最具细胞毒性的卤乙醛，也是该研究中测量的细胞毒性的主要驱动力。还首次在池中对三种高毒性碘化卤代乙酸（碘乙酸，溴碘乙酸和氯碘乙酸）进行了定量。我们还发现NAC硫醇反应性与细胞毒性显着相关，

更新日期：2021-03-02

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