Abstract

Objectives

Research on retirees’ engagement in informal caregiving, formal volunteering, and grandparenting often views retirement as a permanent exit from the workforce. Retirement processes are, however, increasingly diverse: some retire fully while others remain in paid work after retirement from a career job. A relevant but understudied question is how these different retirement processes relate to changes in engagement in unpaid productive activities. Building on role theory, we hypothesize that full and working retirees face different consequences of retirement and, therefore, differ in engagement in unpaid productive activities.

Method

We analyze data that were collected in 2015 and 2018 among 4,882 Dutch individuals aged 60–65 and employed at baseline. Around half had fully retired at follow-up and 10% worked after their retirement. At follow-up, more respondents are regularly volunteering (from 17% to 27%) and grandparenting (from 39% to 53%) than at baseline, while caregiving remains rather stable (from 33% to 30%).

Results

Conditional change models show that full retirement is associated with an increased likelihood of volunteering and grandparenting, but not caregiving. Engagement in postretirement work is related to an increased likelihood of looking after the grandchildren, but not to volunteering or providing informal care.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that volunteering is important for replacing weak ties after full retirement, while grandparenting might be a new, central role in retirement—irrespective of work engagement. Retirees seem to engage in unpaid productive activities for different reasons.

中文翻译：

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退休对非正式照料、志愿服务和祖父母的不同影响：为期 3 年的小组研究结果

摘要

目标

对退休人员参与非正式照料、正式志愿服务和祖父母的研究通常将退休视为永久退出劳动力市场。然而，退休流程越来越多样化：一些人完全退休，而另一些人在从职业工作退休后继续从事有偿工作。一个相关但未充分研究的问题是这些不同的退休流程如何与参与无偿生产活动的变化相关联。基于角色理论，我们假设正式退休人员和在职退休人员面临不同的退休后果，因此在从事无偿生产活动方面存在差异。

方法

我们分析了 2015 年和 2018 年在 4,882 名 60-65 岁的荷兰人中收集的数据，这些人在基线时受雇。大约一半在随访时完全退休，10% 在退休后工作。在随访中，更多的受访者定期志愿服务（从 17% 到 27%）和祖父母（从 39% 到 53%）比基线时更多，而看护工作保持相当稳定（从 33% 到 30%）。

结果

条件变化模型表明，完全退休与志愿服务和祖父母的可能性增加有关，但与照顾无关。从事退休后工作与照顾孙子孙女的可能性增加有关，但与志愿服务或提供非正式照顾无关。

讨论

我们的研究结果表明，在完全退休后，志愿服务对于取代弱关系很重要，而祖父母可能是退休中的一个新的核心角色——无论工作投入如何。退休人员似乎出于不同的原因从事无偿生产活动。