SUMMARY The rise of mantle plumes to the base of the lithosphere leads to observable surface expressions, which provide important information about the deep mantle structure. However, the process of plume–lithosphere interaction and its surface expressions remain not well understood. In this study, we perform 3-D spherical numerical simulations to investigate the relationship between surface observables induced by plume–lithosphere interaction (including dynamic topography, geoid anomaly and melt production rate) and the physical properties of plume and lithosphere (including plume size, plume excess temperature, plume viscosity, and lithosphere viscosity and thickness). We find that the plume-induced surface expressions have strong spatial and temporal variations. Before reaching the base of the lithosphere, the rise of a plume head in the deep mantle causes positive and rapid increase of dynamic topography and geoid anomaly at the surface but no melt production. The subsequent impinging of a plume head at the base of the lithosphere leads to further increase of dynamic topography and geoid anomaly and causes rapid increase of melt production. After reaching maximum values, these plume-induced observables become relatively stable and are more affected by the plume conduit. In addition, whereas the geoid anomaly and dynamic topography decrease from regions above the plume centre to regions above the plume edge, the melt production always concentrates at the centre part of the plume. We also find that the surface expressions have different sensitivities to plume and lithosphere properties. The dynamic topography significantly increases with the plume size, plume excess temperature and plume viscosity. The geoid anomaly also increases with the size and excess temperature of the plume but is less sensitive to plume viscosity. Compared to the influence of plume properties, the dynamic topography and geoid anomaly are less affected by lithosphere viscosity and thickness. The melt production significantly increases with plume size, plume excess temperature and plume viscosity, but decreases with lithosphere viscosity and thickness.

中文翻译：

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地幔柱与岩石圈的相互作用及其地表表现：3-D数值模拟

总结 地幔柱上升到岩石圈底部导致可观测的地表表现，这提供了关于深部地幔结构的重要信息。然而，羽流-岩石圈相互作用的过程及其表面表现仍不清楚。在这项研究中，我们进行了 3-D 球面数值模拟，以研究由羽流-岩石圈相互作用引起的地表观测值（包括动态地形、大地水准面异常和熔体生产速率）与羽流和岩石圈的物理性质（包括羽流大小、羽流超温、羽流粘度、岩石圈粘度和厚度）。我们发现羽流引起的表面表达具有强烈的空间和时间变化。在到达岩石圈底部之前，深部地幔柱头的上升导致地表动态地形和大地水准面异常正快速增加，但没有产生熔体。随后撞击岩石圈底部的羽流会导致动态地形和大地水准面异常进一步增加，并导致熔体产量迅速增加。在达到最大值后，这些羽流诱导的可观测物变得相对稳定，并且受羽流管道的影响更大。此外，虽然大地水准面异常和动态地形从羽流中心以上区域向羽流边缘以上区域减少，但熔体生产始终集中在羽流的中心部分。我们还发现，地表表达式对羽流和岩石圈特性具有不同的敏感性。动态地形随着羽流大小、羽流超温和羽流粘度而显着增加。大地水准面异常也随着羽流的大小和超温而增加，但对羽流粘度不太敏感。与羽流性质的影响相比，动态地形和大地水准面异常受岩石圈粘度和厚度的影响较小。熔体产量随着羽流尺寸、羽流超温和羽流粘度的增加而显着增加，但随着岩石圈粘度和厚度的增加而降低。动态地形和大地水准面异常受岩石圈粘度和厚度的影响较小。熔体产量随着羽流尺寸、羽流超温和羽流粘度的增加而显着增加，但随着岩石圈粘度和厚度的增加而降低。动态地形和大地水准面异常受岩石圈粘度和厚度的影响较小。熔体产量随着羽流尺寸、羽流超温和羽流粘度的增加而显着增加，但随着岩石圈粘度和厚度的增加而降低。