Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasm in intact female dogs. Canine mammary cancer (CMC) represents 50% of CMTs, and besides surgery, which is the elective treatment, additional targeted and non-targeted therapies could offer benefits in terms of survival to these patients. Also, CMC is considered a good spontaneous intermediate animal model for the research of human breast cancer (HBC), and therefore, the study of new treatments for CMC is a promising field in comparative oncology. Dogs with CMC have a comparable disease, an intact immune system, and a much shorter life span, which allows the achievement of results in a relatively short time. Besides conventional chemotherapy, innovative therapies have a large niche of opportunities. In this article, a comprehensive review of the current research in adjuvant therapies for CMC is conducted to gather available information and evaluate the perspectives. Firstly, updates are provided on the clinical–pathological approach and the use of conventional therapies, to delve later into precision therapies against therapeutic targets such as hormone receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, p53 tumor suppressor gene, cyclooxygenases, the signaling pathways involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and immunotherapy in different approaches. A comparison of the different investigations on targeted therapies in HBC is also carried out. In the last years, the increasing number of basic research studies of new promising therapeutic agents on CMC cell lines and CMC mouse xenografts is outstanding. As the main conclusion of this review, the lack of effort to bring the in vitro studies into the field of applied clinical research emerges. There is a great need for well-planned large prospective randomized clinical trials in dogs with CMC to obtain valid results for both species, humans and dogs, on the use of new therapies. Following the One Health concept, human and veterinary oncology will have to join forces to take advantage of both the economic and technological resources that are invested in HBC research, together with the innumerable advantages of dogs with CMC as a spontaneous animal model.

犬乳腺肿瘤（CMT）是完整雌性犬中最常见的肿瘤。犬乳腺癌 (CMC) 占 CMT 的 50%，除了作为选择性治疗的手术之外，额外的靶向和非靶向治疗可以为这些患者带来生存方面的益处。此外，CMC被认为是研究人类乳腺癌（HBC）的良好自发中间动物模型，因此，CMC新疗法的研究是比较肿瘤学中一个有前途的领域。患有 CMC 的狗有类似的疾病、完整的免疫系统和更短的寿命，这使得在相对较短的时间内取得成果。除了传统化疗之外，创新疗法还有很大的机会。在本文中，对 CMC 辅助治疗的当前研究进行了全面回顾，以收集可用信息并评估观点。首先，提供了临床病理学方法和常规疗法使用的最新信息，以便随后深入研究针对治疗靶点的精准疗法，例如激素受体、酪氨酸激酶受体、p53 肿瘤抑制基因、环氧合酶、参与上皮间质转化的信号通路以及不同方法的免疫治疗。还对 HBC 靶向治疗的不同研究进行了比较。近年来，针对 CMC 细胞系和 CMC 小鼠异种移植物的新型有前途治疗药物的基础研究数量不断增加，引人注目。作为本次审查的主要结论，缺乏努力使体外应用临床研究领域的研究出现。非常需要在患有 CMC 的狗身上进行精心策划的大型前瞻性随机临床试验，以获得关于人类和狗这两个物种使用新疗法的有效结果。遵循“同一个健康”概念，人类和兽医肿瘤学必须联手利用投资于 HBC 研究的经济和技术资源，以及具有 CMC 的狗作为自发动物模型的无数优势。