In the present study we challenge the generally accepted view based primarily on L1 data that surface linguistic information decays rapidly during reading and that only propositional information is retained in memory. In two eye-tracking experiments, we show that both L1 and L2 adult readers retain verbatim information of a text. In particular, the reading behaviour of L2 German learners revealed that they were sensitive to both lexical (synonyms) and syntactic (active/passive alternation) substitutions during a second reading of the texts, while L1 exhibited only reduced sensitivity to the lexical substitutions. The results deliver an important piece of evidence that complies with several current processing (e.g., Shallow Structure Hypothesis), acquisition (Declarative/Procedural Model) and cognitive (e.g., Fuzzy Trace Theory) approaches and adds a new dimension to their empirical and theoretical basis.

中文翻译：

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非母语读者对表面语言信息的变化比母语读者更敏感*

在本研究中，我们挑战了主要基于 L1 数据的普遍接受的观点，即表面语言信息在阅读过程中迅速衰减，并且只有命题信息保留在记忆中。在两个眼动追踪实验中，我们表明 L1 和 L2 成人阅读器都保留了文本的逐字信息。特别是，二语德语学习者的阅读行为表明，他们在第二次阅读文本时对词汇（同义词）和句法（主动/被动交替）替换都很敏感，而二语德语学习者对词汇替换的敏感度只降低了。结果提供了一个重要的证据，该证据符合当前的几个处理（例如，浅结构假设）、获取（声明/程序模型）和认知（例如，