In this study we present a unique 10 year climatology of severe convective storm tracks for a large European area covering Germany, France, Belgium and Luxembourg. For the period 2005–2014, a high-resolution hail potential composite of 1×1 km² is produced from two-dimensional radar reflectivity and lightning data. Individual hailstorm tracks as well as their physical properties, such as radar reflectivity along the tracks, were reconstructed for the entire time period using the Convective Cell Tracking Algorithm (CCTA2D).A sea-to-continent gradient in the number of hail days per year is found to be present over the whole domain. In addition, the highest number of severe storms is found on the leeward side of low mountain ranges such as the Massif Central in France and the Swabian Jura in southwest Germany. A latitude shift in the hail peak month is observed between the northern part of Germany, where hail occurs most frequently in August, and southern France, where the maximum amount of hail is 2 months earlier. The longest footprints with high reflectivity values occurred on 9 June 2014 and on 28 July 2013 with lengths reaching up to 500 km. Both events were associated with hailstones measuring up to 10 cm diameter, which caused damage in excess of EUR 2 billion.

中文翻译：

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基于雷达的欧洲冰雹频率评估

在这项研究中，我们介绍了覆盖德国，法国，比利时和卢森堡的欧洲大部分地区的严重对流风暴径的独特十年气候。在2005-2014年期间，高分辨率的冰雹潜力组合为1×1  km ²由二维雷达反射率和闪电数据产生。使用对流单元跟踪算法（CCTA2D）在整个时间段内重建了单个冰雹风暴轨迹及其物理特性（例如沿轨迹的雷达反射率）。每年冰雹天数的海到大陆梯度被发现存在于整个域中。此外，在低山脉的背风侧，例如法国的Massif Central和德国西南部的Swabian Jura，发现了最大数量的强风暴。冰雹高峰月份的纬度变化是在德国北部（冰雹发生频率最高的月份）和法国南部（冰雹的最大发生时间早于两个月）之间。最长的具有高反射率值的足迹出现在2014年6月9日和2013年7月28日，长度达到500 km。这两个事件都与冰雹有关，最多可测10次 厘米直径，造成的损失超过20亿欧元。