In mountain regions, climate change is resulting in glacial retreat, causing biodiversity loss in glacial-fed streams (kryal habitat). Diamesa species (Diptera Chironomidae), the main colonizers of the kryal in the Alps, are the aquatic insects more threatened by extinction. In recent years, DNA barcoding was successfully adopted to delimit species of chironomids and provided species identification. We highlighted that for the Diamesa genus, inconsistencies remain between identification on a morphological and molecular basis, mainly within cinerella and zernyi groups, raising doubts about the validity of head colour as a good diagnostic taxonomic character. Molecular phylogeny reconstruction based on mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II) and one nuclear (ribosomal 18S rRNA) markers revealed that D. bohemani and D. zernyi on one hand, and D. cinerella and D. tonsa on the other hand, represent populations of the same species. Divergence times suggested that the radiation of these alpine species seems to have been driven by the climatic events with the alternation of glacial periods that happened in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The initial separation of the oriental species D. steinboecki seems to be due to the tectonic movements of the Periadriatic fault system that probably favoured the emergence of lakes and streams, successively colonized by D. steinboecki. This study raises important concerns, from the validity of diagnostic characters used today to identify larval types up to the uncertainty about how many species of Diamesa inhabit the European Alps and what their fate will be within the scenario of climate change.

中文翻译：

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高山不咬蠓（摇蚊科、蠓科）分子和形态系统学的一致性

在山区，气候变化导致冰川退缩，导致冰川喂养的溪流（kryal 栖息地）的生物多样性丧失。Diamesa物种（双翅目摇蚊科）是阿尔卑斯山 kryal 的主要殖民者，是更受灭绝威胁的水生昆虫。近年来，DNA条形码技术被成功应用于摇蚊物种的划定和物种鉴定。我们强调，对于Diamesa属，在形态学和分子基础上的鉴定之间仍然存在不一致，主要在灰鼠和zernyi 中组，引起人们对头部颜色作为良好诊断分类特征的有效性的怀疑。基于线粒体（细胞色素氧化酶I和II）和一个核（核糖体18S rRNA基因）的标记分子系统发育重建透露D. bohemani和D. zernyi一方面，和D. cinerella和D.吨Ş一个在另一方面，代表同一物种的种群。发散时间表明，这些高山物种的辐射似乎是由上新世和更新世冰川时期交替的气候事件驱动的。东方种D. steinboecki的初步分离似乎是由于 Periadriatic 断层系统的构造运动可能有利于湖泊和溪流的出现，随后被D. steinboecki殖民。这项研究引起了重要的关注，从今天用于识别幼虫类型的诊断特征的有效性，到欧洲阿尔卑斯山栖息的Diamesa物种数量以及它们在气候变化情景下的命运的不确定性。