The human gut microbiota has appeared as an important factor affecting host health and intestinal bacteria have recently emerged as potential therapeutics to treat diabetes and other endocrine diseases. These mainly anaerobic bacteria have been identified either via comparative “omics” analysis of the intestinal microbiota in healthy and diseased subjects or of data collected by fecal microbiota transplantation studies. Both approaches require advanced and in-depth sequencing technologies to perform massive genomic screening to select bacteria with potential benefits. It has been shown that these potentially therapeutic bacteria can either produce bioactive products that directly influence the host patho-physiology and endocrine systems or produce specific signaling molecules that may do so. These bioactive compounds can be formed via degradation of dietary or host-derived components or the conversion of intermediate compounds produced by fermentation of intestinal bacteria. Several of these bacteria have shown causality in preclinical models and entered clinical phase studies, while their mode of action is being analyzed. In this review, we summarize the research on the most promising bacterial candidates with therapeutic properties with a specific focus on diabetes.

人类肠道微生物群已成为影响宿主健康的重要因素，肠道细菌最近已成为治疗糖尿病和其他内分泌疾病的潜在疗法。这些主要是厌氧菌是通过对健康和患病受试者肠道微生物群的比较“组学”分析或粪便微生物群移植研究收集的数据进行鉴定的。这两种方法都需要先进的深度测序技术来进行大规模基因组筛选，以选择具有潜在益处的细菌。已经表明，这些潜在的治疗细菌可以产生直接影响宿主病理生理和内分泌系统的生物活性产物，或者产生可能影响宿主的特定信号分子。这些生物活性化合物可以通过膳食或宿主衍生成分的降解或肠道细菌发酵产生的中间化合物的转化而形成。其中一些细菌已在临床前模型中显示出因果关系并进入临床阶段研究，同时正在分析它们的作用模式。在这篇综述中，我们总结了对具有治疗特性的最有希望的候选细菌的研究，特别关注糖尿病。