Abstract

Modern progress in soil biology is associated with the use of new molecular biology methods based on the isolation of total DNA from soil and its further analysis. The two main approaches to the study of soil microbial DNA are metabarcoding, the identification of the community composition via analysis of the sequences of barcode marker genes, and metagenomics, the analysis of the collective genomes of the community. These two methods provide direct access to the enormous genetic diversity of the “uncultivated majority” of soil microorganisms and have become an essential part of many soil biology studies. The review considers the application of these research methods to the study of the ecology and diversity of soil microorganisms. The methodological limitations of molecular genetics methods due to soil specificity as an object of research are discussed. The achievements, challenges, and prospects of metabarcoding and metagenomics in soil ecology research, as well as their combination with other research approaches, are considered.

中文翻译：

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土壤生态学研究中的元条形码和元基因组学：成就，挑战和前景

摘要

土壤生物学的现代进步与基于从土壤中分离总DNA并对其进行进一步分析的新分子生物学方法的使用有关。研究土壤微生物DNA的两种主要方法是元条形码，通过分析条形码标记基因的序列来识别群落组成，以及宏基因组学，对群落的集体基因组进行分析。这两种方法可直接获取“未培养的多数”土壤微生物的巨大遗传多样性，并已成为许多土壤生物学研究的重要组成部分。综述考虑了这些研究方法在土壤微生物生态学和多样性研究中的应用。讨论了由于土壤特异性导致的分子遗传学方法的方法学局限性。考虑了土壤生态学研究中的元条形码和宏基因组学的成就，挑战和前景，以及它们与其他研究方法的结合。