The brain is a complex system, due to the heterogeneity of its structure, the diversity of the functions in which it participates and to its reciprocal relationships with the body and the environment. A systemic description of the brain is presented here, as a contribution to developing a brain theory and as a general framework where specific models in computational neuroscience can be integrated and associated with global information flows and cognitive functions. In an enactive view, this framework integrates the fundamental organization of the brain in sensorimotor loops with the internal and the external worlds, answering four fundamental questions (what, why, where and how). Our survival-oriented definition of behavior gives a prominent role to pavlovian and instrumental conditioning, augmented during phylogeny by the specific contribution of other kinds of learning, related to semantic memory in the posterior cortex, episodic memory in the hippocampus and working memory in the frontal cortex. This framework highlights that responses can be prepared in different ways, from pavlovian reflexes and habitual behavior to deliberations for goal-directed planning and reasoning, and explains that these different kinds of responses coexist, collaborate and compete for the control of behavior. It also lays emphasis on the fact that cognition can be described as a dynamical system of interacting memories, some acting to provide information to others, to replace them when they are not efficient enough, or to help for their improvement. Describing the brain as an architecture of learning systems has also strong implications in Machine Learning. Our biologically informed view of pavlovian and instrumental conditioning can be very precious to revisit classical Reinforcement Learning and provide a basis to ensure really autonomous learning.

中文翻译：

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用于大脑建模的系统视图的全球框架

大脑是一个复杂的系统，这是由于其结构的异质性，其参与功能的多样性以及与人体和环境的相互关系所致。这里介绍了大脑的系统描述，作为对发展大脑理论的贡献以及作为通用框架，在该框架中可以集成计算神经科学中的特定模型并将其与全局信息流和认知功能相关联。从积极的角度来看，该框架将感觉运动循环中大脑的基本组织与内部和外部世界集成在一起，回答了四个基本问题（什么，为什么，在哪里和如何）。我们以生存为导向的行为定义对帕夫洛夫式和器乐性条件起到了重要作用，在系统发育过程中，由于其他种类学习的特定贡献而增强，这些学习与后皮质的语义记忆，海马的情节记忆和额叶皮质的工作记忆有关。该框架强调，可以采用不同的方式来准备响应，从帕夫洛夫式的反应和习惯性行为，到针对目标导向的计划和推理的审议，并解释了这些不同类型的响应共存，协作和竞争以控制行为。它还强调了这样一个事实，即认知可以描述为相互作用的记忆的动态系统，某些记忆的作用是向其他记忆提供信息，在记忆不够有效时替换记忆，或帮助改善记忆。将大脑描述为学习系统的体系结构在机器学习中也具有重要意义。我们对巴甫洛夫式和仪器式调理的生物学了解对于重新学习经典强化学习非常宝贵，并可以为确保真正自主学习提供基础。