The detection efficiency of a plastic scintillator (PLS) can be enhanced by loading with heavy metal nanoparticles to measure high-energy X-rays at a high count rate exceeding $10^{{7}}\,\,\text{s}^{{-1}}$ using a fast scintillation detector. We successfully polymerized up to 60 wt% HfO ₂ nanoparticle-loaded PLSs (Hf-PLSs) by mixing with polystyrene and 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole as a fluorophore. Loading 40 wt% HfO ₂ maintained a light yield of 79% of a commercially available 5 wt% lead-loaded PLS (EJ-256) with a much higher high- ${Z}$ loading. We tested the 40 wt% Hf-PLS (8 mm in diameter, 3 mm in thickness) mounted on a photomultiplier tube using a synchrotron X-ray beam at beamline BL-14A of the photon factory (PF) ring. The detection efficiency of the X-ray detector reached 44.3 ± 0.2% at 50.0 keV. Counting rates of up to $2.76\times 10^{{7}}\,\,\text{s}^{{-1}}$ were recorded at input photon rates of up to $3.74\times 10^{{8}}\,\,\text{s}^{{-1}}$ in the multibunch mode of the PF ring. The pulse height and time spectra were observed using the 40 wt% Hf-PLS at 67.4 keV for application to synchrotron radiation nuclear resonant scattering on ⁶¹ Ni. The detection efficiency was 49.2 ± 0.2% at 67.4 keV, 7.2 times greater than that of EJ-256. A time resolution (full-width at half-maximum) of 0.32 ± 0.06 ns was obtained in the time spectrum but with a time resolution of 0.46 ns at best using EJ-256. The Hf-PLS is promising for applications in counting and timing measurements within the high-energy X-ray regions.

中文翻译：

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使用装有HfO 2纳米粒子的塑料闪烁体进行高能和高速率X射线测量

塑料闪烁体（PLS）的检测效率可通过装载重金属纳米颗粒以高计数率测量高能X射线来提高 $ 10 ^ {{{7}} \，\，\ text {s} ^ {{-1-1}} $ 使用快速闪烁探测器。通过与聚苯乙烯和2-（4-叔丁基苯基）-5-（4-联苯）-1,3,4-恶二唑混合，成功地聚合了高达60 wt％的HfO ₂纳米颗粒负载的PLS（Hf-PLS）。荧光团。负载40 wt％的HfO ₂保持了市售5 wt％铅负载PLS（EJ-256）的79％的光产率，高得多的 $ {Z} $ 加载中。我们使用同步子X射线束在光子工厂（PF）环的光束线BL-14A上测试了安装在光电倍增管上的40 wt％Hf-PLS（直径8 mm，厚度3 mm）。X射线检测器在50.0 keV时的检测效率达到44.3±0.2％。计数率高达 $ 2.76 \ times 10 ^ {{{7}} \\，\，\ text {s} ^ {{-1}} $ 记录的输入光子速率高达 $ 3.74 \乘以10 ^ {{{8}} \，\，\ text {s} ^ {{-1}} $ 在PF环的多束模式下。使用40 wt％的Hf-PLS在67.4 keV处观察脉冲高度和时间谱，以应用于⁶¹ Ni上的同步辐射核共振散射。在67.4 keV时，检测效率为49.2±0.2％，是EJ-256的7.2倍。在时间谱中获得了0.32±0.06 ns的时间分辨率（半峰全宽），但使用EJ-256的时间分辨率最大为0.46 ns。Hf-PLS有望用于高能X射线区域内的计数和定时测量。