This article analyses the slippery notions of the normal and normality in select works of Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902) and Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) and argues that homosexuality became a ‘boundary object’ between the normal and the abnormal in their works. Constructing homosexuality as ‘normal enough’ provided these two key thinkers of the fin de siècle with an opportunity to challenge societal and medical norms: Krafft-Ebing did this through mapping perversions; Freud, by challenging perceived norms about sexual development more broadly. The article submits that the scientific logic presented in Krafft-Ebing’s seminal case study compilation Psychopathia Sexualis and Freud’s early theoretical writings and cases, including Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), was itself haunted by notions of norms and the normal that were not always easy to resolve, and sometimes involved a certain amount of inspired conjecture on the part of both thinkers in order to develop and validate their differing tripartite models of normality. Krafft-Ebing imagined homosexuality as a variation of the normal by generalizing a gay male experience. He also recorded the obstreperous cases of homosexual women based largely inside the clinic but by and large ignored this evidence. Freud inextricably bound homosexuality to normality (and vice versa) by redefining homosexuals as a group to include individuals with unconscious same-sex desire. Doing so allowed him to conceptualize the fear of homosexuality as crucial in the formation of neurosis and psychosis, and at the same time put him at odds with relevant early identity politics.

本文分析了理查德·冯·克拉夫特·埃宾（Richard von Krafft-Ebing）（1840–1902）和西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud，1856–1939）精选作品中正常和正常状态的溜溜概念，并指出同性恋已成为正常和正常人之间的“边界对象”。他们的作品。将同性恋定为“足够正常”，为这两个最终的思想家提供了挑战社会和医学规范的机会：Krafft-Ebing通过绘制变态图来做到这一点。弗洛伊德，通过更广泛地挑战关于性发展的公认规范。文章认为，克拉夫特·埃宾的开创性案例研究汇编《性病精神病》和弗洛伊德的早期理论著作和案例（包括关于性理论的三篇论文）提出了科学逻辑。（1905年）本身就被常难以解决的规范和法线概念所困扰，并且有时涉及到两个思想家的一定量的启发性猜想，以便发展和验证他们不同的三方性正态性模型。Krafft-Ebing通过推广男同性恋者的经历，将同性恋想象为正常人的一种变异。他还记录了主要在诊所内的同性恋妇女的顽固病例，但总体上忽略了这一证据。弗洛伊德通过将同性恋者重新定义为一个群体，将具有无意识的同性欲望的个体包括在内，将同性恋与正常性密不可分（反之亦然）。这样做使他将对同性恋的恐惧概念化为对神经症和精神病的形成至关重要，