ABSTRACT

Over the past two decades, a new way of looking at handedness has emerged (see Prichard, E., Propper, R. E., & Christman, S. D. (2013). Degree of handedness, but not direction, is a systematic predictor of cognitive performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1–6), with an emphasis on degree (strong/consistent versus mixed/inconsistent) augmenting the traditional emphasis on direction (left versus right) of handedness. Much of this work has focused on main effects: e.g., inconsistent-handers show higher (or lower) performance than consistent-handers. However, many of these “main effects” are actually nested within higher order interactions: e.g., there are no handedness differences in a baseline/control condition, with handedness differences emerging in an experimental condition. Careful examination, though, of these interactions reveals an intriguing and predictable pattern: for integrated dual processes (e.g., episodic memory encoding versus retrieval), the interactions reflect larger effects in inconsistent-, relative to consistent-, handers. For independent, mutually exclusive dual processes (e.g., approach versus withdrawal), the interactions reflect larger effects in consistent-handers. It is argued that these patterns reflect the relative inability of (i) consistent-handers to integrate dual processes, and (ii) inconsistent-handers to keep independent dual processes separate. We also use this same theory to address higher order interactions involving changes in the experimental context as well as other individual difference factors, and make suggestions for future research.

摘要

在过去的二十年里，出现了一种看待惯用手的新方式（参见 Prichard, E., Propper, RE, & Christman, SD (2013)）。惯用手的程度，而不是方向，是认知表现的系统预测指标。心理学前沿, 4, 1–6)，强调程度（强/一致与混合/不一致）增强了对惯用手方向（左与右）的传统强调。这项工作的大部分内容都集中在主要影响上：例如，不一致的处理者比一致的处理者表现出更高（或更低）的性能。然而，这些“主要效应”中的许多实际上嵌套在更高阶的相互作用中：例如，在基线/对照条件下没有惯用性差异，而在实验条件下出现了惯用性差异。然而，对这些相互作用的仔细检查揭示了一种有趣且可预测的模式：对于集成的双重过程（例如，情节记忆编码与检索），相互作用反映了不一致处理者的更大影响，相对于一致处理者而言。对于独立的、互斥的双重进程（例如 ，接近与退出），相互作用反映了一致处理者的更大影响。有人认为，这些模式反映了（i）一致处理者整合双重过程的相对无能，以及（ii）不一致处理者保持独立双重过程分离的能力。我们还使用相同的理论来解决涉及实验环境变化以及其他个体差异因素的高阶相互作用，并为未来的研究提出建议。