This paper provides first evidence on the impact of a direct measure of firm-level upstreamness (i.e. the steps before the production of a firm meets final demand) on workers' wages. It also investigates whether results vary along the earnings distribution and by gender. Findings, based on unique matched employer-employee data relative to the Belgian manufacturing industry for the period 2002-2010, show that workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more upstream firms. Yet, the gains from upstreamness are found to be very unequally shared among workers. Unconditional quantile estimates suggest that male top-earners are the main beneficiaries, whereas women, irrespective of their earnings, appear to be unfairly rewarded. Quantile decompositions further show that these differences in wage premia account for a substantial part of the gender wage gap, especially at the top of the earnings' distribution.

中文翻译：

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上游性、工资和性别：所有人的平等利益？

本文提供了直接衡量企业层面上游性（即企业生产满足最终需求之前的步骤）对工人工资的影响的第一个证据。它还调查结果是否因收入分配和性别而异。根据 2002 年至 2010 年期间与比利时制造业相关的独特匹配雇主-雇员数据的调查结果表明，工人在更上游的公司工作时赚取的工资要高得多。然而，发现上游的收益在工人之间的分配非常不平等。无条件分位数估计表明，收入最高的男性是主要受益者，而女性，无论其收入如何，似乎都得到了不公平的回报。