Abstract:In the spring of 1921, two middle-class black communities in the southern Great Plains were attacked in very different ways. One resisted while the other acquiesced. Both were essentially destroyed. This article places these two events alongside one another in an attempt to understand why white supremacists targeted their black neighbors in such different ways, why various approaches to resistance were taken, and how historical memory has been shaped to justify or minimize the decisions made by social actors almost a century ago. Findings reveal long-standing cultural traditions influenced the choices of white aggressors while black resisters were more directly influenced by the nature of the oppression faced. By comparing one of the most sensational and increasingly well-known instances of violence in the southern Great Plains—the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921—to one of the most mundane and least recognized acts of civic violence—the relocation of Quakertown in Denton, Texas, in that same year—this work shows the variety of tactics available to white supremacists in the early twentieth century, considers the complex dynamics of power and resistance, and examines how white authorities continue to exercise privilege in the construction of local histories of racist oppression.

中文翻译：

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子弹和选票：1920 年代德克萨斯州和俄克拉荷马州的破坏、抵抗和反应

摘要：1921 年春天，大平原南部的两个中产阶级黑人社区以截然不同的方式遭到袭击。一个人反抗，另一个人默许。两者基本上都被摧毁了。本文将这两个事件放在一起，试图理解为什么白人至上主义者以如此不同的方式针对他们的黑人邻居，为什么采取了各种抵抗方法，以及如何塑造历史记忆来证明或最小化社会做出的决定。大约一个世纪前的演员。调查结果显示，长期存在的文化传统影响了白人侵略者的选择，而黑人抵抗者则更直接地受到所面临压迫的性质的影响。