To immobilize Cd in soil and attenuate its uptake by vegetables, spent mushroom substrate (SMS), spent mushroom substrate biochar (SMSB), and SMS compost were employed as organic amendments to secure rape growth. Sequential chemical extractions showed that all three amendments efficiently reduced the exchangeable Cd (SE-Cd) fraction and carbonate Cd (WSA-Cd) fraction, and they increased the Fe-Mn oxides Cd (OX-Cd) and organic Cd (OM-Cd) fraction. Three amendments also markedly improved the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil, including soil pH, electrical conductivity, enzyme activity, and microbial biomass. In addition, three amendments significantly (p < 0.05) decreased Cd content, whereas they increased plant biomass and the physiological parameters of rape seedlings (peroxidase activity, proline, soluble protein, and sugar content). SMSB performed better than the other two amendments in reducing SE-Cd (by 53.61%) and WSA-Cd (by 45.74%) proportions and in decreasing Cd content (from 0.23 to 0.09 mg·kg⁻¹·dry weight) in edible parts.

中文翻译：

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用废蘑菇基质制备的有机修正物有效固定 Cd 并减弱油菜幼苗对 Cd 的吸收

为了将 Cd 固定在土壤中并减少蔬菜对其的吸收，使用废蘑菇基质 (SMS)、废蘑菇基质生物炭 (SMSB) 和 SMS 堆肥作为有机改良剂，以确保油菜的生长。连续化学萃取表明，所有三种改良剂都有效地减少了可交换 Cd (SE-Cd) 部分和碳酸盐 Cd (WSA-Cd) 部分，并增加了 Fe-Mn 氧化物 Cd (OX-Cd) 和有机 Cd (OM-Cd) ） 分数。三种改良剂还显着改善了土壤的理化和生物学特性，包括土壤 pH 值、电导率、酶活性和微生物生物量。此外，三个修订显着（p <0.05) 降低 CD 含量，而它们增加植物生物量和油菜幼苗的生理参数（过氧化物酶活性、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和糖含量）。在减少可食用部分的SE-Cd（降低 53.61%）和 WSA-Cd（降低 45.74%）比例以及降低 Cd 含量（从 0.23 至 0.09 mg kg ^-1干重）方面，SMSB 的表现优于其他两种修正。