One of the most important global problems is protecting food from insect pests. The negative effects of synthetic insecticides on human health led to a resurgence of interest in botanical insecticides due to their minimal ecological side effects. Therefore, the insecticidal potential of hexane, acetone, and methanol extracts of Gnidia kraussiana Meisn roots at 1 and 5g/kg, and neem seed oil (NSO), used as standard insecticide, were evaluated. Ovicidal and larvicidal toxicity was tested by treating freshly laid eggs and larvae at different immature stages of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (L.) Walp seed damage and weight loss were assessed after a storage period of 4 mo. Repellency effects were detected in choice test using a linear olfactometer. All the fractions were toxic to C. maculatus; however, their bioactivities were inversely correlated with products polarity. Extracts proved to be more toxic than the commercial NSO. The acetone extract was more effective against immature stages of C. maculatus than the methanol extract; eggs, first-, and second-instar larvae being the more susceptible. No cowpea seed damage and weight loss were recorded from the seeds treated with hexane and acetone extracts at the dosage of 5 g/kg, after 4 mo of storage. Extracts evoked stronger repellency effects compared with the tested standard insecticide. According to the above, hexane and acetone extracts are good candidates for incorporation in integrated pest management programs for the control of C. maculatus in stored cowpea seeds.

中文翻译：

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Gnidia kraussiana (Malvales: Thymeleaceae) 的分馏提取物作为生物活性植物化学物质用于有效管理储存的 Vigna unguiculata (Fabales: Fabaceae) 种子中的 Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

最重要的全球问题之一是保护食品免受害虫侵害。合成杀虫剂对人类健康的负面影响导致人们对植物杀虫剂的兴趣重新抬头，因为它们的生态副作用很小。因此，评估了 1 和 5g/kg Gnidia kraussiana Meisn 根的己烷、丙酮和甲醇提取物以及用作标准杀虫剂的印楝种子油 (NSO) 的杀虫潜力。通过在 Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) 的不同未成熟阶段处理新鲜产卵和幼虫来测试杀卵和杀幼虫的毒性。豇豆 (Vigna unguiculata) (L.) 在 4 个月的储存期后评估豇豆种子损伤和重量损失。在选择测试中使用线性嗅觉计检测驱避效应。所有馏分均对 C. maculatus 有毒；然而，它们的生物活性与产品极性呈负相关。提取物被证明比商业 NSO 毒性更大。与甲醇提取物相比，丙酮提取物对抗斑蝽的未成熟期更有效；卵、一龄和二龄幼虫更易受影响。用 5 g/kg 剂量的己烷和丙酮提取物处理过的豇豆种子在储存 4 个月后没有记录到豇豆种子损伤和重量损失。与测试的标准杀虫剂相比，提取物产生更强的驱避效果。根据以上所述，己烷和丙酮提取物是纳入害虫综合管理计划的良好候选者，以控制储存的豇豆种子中的 C. maculatus。与甲醇提取物相比，丙酮提取物对抗斑蝽的未成熟期更有效；卵、一龄和二龄幼虫更易受影响。用 5 g/kg 剂量的己烷和丙酮提取物处理过的豇豆种子在储存 4 个月后没有记录到豇豆种子损伤和重量损失。与测试的标准杀虫剂相比，提取物产生更强的驱避效果。根据以上所述，己烷和丙酮提取物是纳入害虫综合管理计划的良好候选者，以控制储存的豇豆种子中的 C. maculatus。与甲醇提取物相比，丙酮提取物对抗斑蝽的未成熟期更有效；卵、一龄和二龄幼虫更易受影响。用 5 g/kg 剂量的己烷和丙酮提取物处理过的豇豆种子在储存 4 个月后没有记录到豇豆种子损伤和重量损失。与测试的标准杀虫剂相比，提取物产生更强的驱避效果。根据以上所述，己烷和丙酮提取物是纳入害虫综合管理计划的良好候选者，以控制储存的豇豆种子中的 C. maculatus。用 5 g/kg 剂量的己烷和丙酮提取物处理过的豇豆种子在储存 4 个月后没有记录到豇豆种子损伤和重量损失。与测试的标准杀虫剂相比，提取物产生更强的驱避效果。根据以上所述，己烷和丙酮提取物是纳入害虫综合管理计划的良好候选者，以控制储存的豇豆种子中的 C. maculatus。用 5 g/kg 剂量的己烷和丙酮提取物处理过的豇豆种子在储存 4 个月后没有记录到豇豆种子损伤和重量损失。与测试的标准杀虫剂相比，提取物产生更强的驱避效果。根据以上所述，己烷和丙酮提取物是纳入害虫综合管理计划的良好候选者，以控制储存的豇豆种子中的 C. maculatus。