Background Generalized expectancies have been theorized to play key roles in pain-related outcomes, but the empirical findings have been mixed. Purpose The primary aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the relationships between two of the most researched positive generalized expectancies (i.e., hope and optimism) and pain-related outcomes (i.e., pain severity, physical functioning, and psychological dysfunction) for those experiencing clinical pain. Methods A total of 96 studies and 31,780 participants with a broad array of pain diagnoses were included in analyses, using random-effects models. Results Both hope and optimism had negative correlations with pain severity (hope: r = –.168, p < .001; optimism: r = –.157, p < .001), positive correlations with physical functioning (hope: r = .199, p < .001; optimism: r = .175, p < .001), and negative correlations with psychological dysfunction (hope: r = –.349, p = .001; optimism: r = –.430, p <.001). Conclusion The current findings suggest that hope and optimism are similarly associated with adaptive pain-related outcomes. Future research should examine the efficacy of interventions on hope and optimism in ameliorating the experience of clinical pain.

中文翻译：

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希望、乐观和临床痛苦：荟萃分析

背景 广义预期已被理论化为在疼痛相关结果中发挥关键作用，但实证结果喜忧参半。目的 这项荟萃分析的主要目的是量化研究最多的两种积极的广义预期（即希望和乐观）与疼痛相关结果（即疼痛严重程度、身体机能和心理功能障碍）之间的关系。经历临床疼痛。方法 使用随机效应模型，共有 96 项研究和 31,780 名具有广泛疼痛诊断的参与者被纳入分析。结果 希望和乐观都与疼痛严重程度呈负相关（希望：r = –.168，p < .001；乐观：r = –.157，p < .001），与身体机能呈正相关（希望：r = .199，p < .001；乐观：r = .175，p＜.001），以及与心理功能障碍的负相关（希望：r = –.349，p = .001；乐观：r = –.430，p <.001）。结论 目前的研究结果表明，希望和乐观与适应性疼痛相关的结果相似。未来的研究应该检查干预措施对希望和乐观在改善临床疼痛体验方面的功效。