A study was conducted to identify whether composted manure and straw amendments (replacement of a portion of chemical fertilizer [50% of the total nitrogen application] with composted pig manure, and straw return [all straw from the previous rice crop] combined with chemical fertilizer) compared with no fertilization and chemical fertilizer only would change the dominant species of wheat-associated weeds as well as influence their growth and seed yield in a rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system. The study was initiated in 2010, and the treatment effects on the species, density, plant height, shoot biomass, seed yield of dominant weeds, and wheat yields were assessed in 2017 and 2018. Fertilization significantly increased the height, density, and yield of wheat, as well as the shoot biomass of wheat-associated weeds, but decreased the weed species number. A total of 17 and 14 weed species were recorded in the experimental wheat fields in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The most dominant weed species were American sloughgrass [Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald] and catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine L.), which made up more than 64% of the weed community in all treatments. When the chemical fertilizer application was amended with pig manure compost and straw return, the relative abundance of B. syzigachne significantly decreased, while the relative abundance of G. aparine significantly increased. The application of the chemical fertilizer-only treatment resulted in increases in the density, shoot biomass, and seed yield of B. syzigachne, while the composted manure and straw amendments applied together with chemical fertilizer led to significant increases in the density, shoot biomass, and seed yield of G. aparine. Consequently, further research on ways to promote greater cropping system diversity will be needed to prevent the selection of weed species that are adapted to a limited suite of crop management practices.

中文翻译：

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稻麦轮作系统中小麦优势杂草的变化受堆肥和秸秆改良剂的影响

进行了一项研究，以确定堆肥和秸秆改良剂（用堆肥猪粪代替一部分化肥[总氮施用量的50%]，以及秸秆还田[上一稻作物的所有秸秆]与化肥相结合） (水稻L.)–小麦 (小麦L.) 旋转系统。该研究于 2010 年启动，于 2017 年和 2018 年评估了处理对物种、密度、株高、枝条生物量、优势杂草种子产量和小麦产量的影响。施肥显着提高了植物的高度、密度和产量。小麦，以及小麦相关杂草的枝条生物量，但减少了杂草种类数。2017年和2018年分别在试验麦田记录了17种和14种杂草。最主要的杂草种类是美洲 sloughgrass [贝克曼氏菌(Steud.) Fernald] 和野草床草 (鸡血红素L.)，在所有处理中占杂草群落的 64% 以上。当化肥施用修正为猪粪堆肥和秸秆还田时，相对丰度B. syzigachne显着减少，而相对丰度G. aparine显着上升。仅施用化肥处理导致密度、枝条生物量和种子产量的增加B. syzigachne，而堆肥和秸秆改良剂与化肥一起施用导致密度、枝条生物量和种子产量显着增加G. aparine. 因此，需要进一步研究促进更大的种植系统多样性的方法，以防止选择适应有限的作物管理实践的杂草物种。