ABSTRACT

In this article, it is argued that the constitutive principles of Just War Theory and the jus ad bellum/jus in bello duality do not transfer all that well to national security intelligence activity. Accordingly, while Just Intelligence Theory – comprising jus ad intelligentiam and jus in intelligentia – provides a useful starting point in the construction of a normative framework for national security intelligence activities, ultimately it is found to be wanting in a number of important respects. For instance, while war ought to be a last resort, intelligence collection and analysis ought to be a first resort. In addition, analyses are offered of the key principles of discrimination, necessity and proportionality, and it is shown in general terms how they apply, or ought to apply, to national security intelligence activity. Importantly, the principle of necessity has been given a novel analysis according to which it is in reality a set of different principles, depending on the institutional setting in which it is being used. Moreover, the analysis reveals that as typically used it consists (in part) of a means/end principle of rationality and one or other versions of a principle of harm minimisation. Finally, it is argued that there is a normative principle governing espionage, in particular, that is not a constitutive principle of Just War Theory; this is a principle of reciprocity.

摘要

在本文中，论证了正义战争理论的构成性原则和战时双重性中的强制性法/强制性法并不能很好地将其转移到国家安全情报活动中。因此，尽管正义情报理论（包括法律知识分子和知识分子法律）为构建国家安全情报活动的规范框架提供了有用的起点，但最终发现它在许多重要方面都缺乏。例如，虽然战争应该是万不得已的手段，但情报收集和分析却应该是万不得已的手段。此外，还对歧视，必要性和相称性等关键原则进行了分析，并以通俗易懂的方式显示了它们如何适用于或应适用于国家安全情报活动。重要的，对必要性原则进行了新颖的分析，根据它实际上是一套不同的原则，这取决于使用它的制度背景。此外，分析表明，通常使用的分析（部分）由合理的手段/最终原则和损害最小化原则的一个或其他版本组成。最后，有人争辩说，有一个规范间谍活动的规范性原则，而不是正义战争理论的构成性原则。这是互惠的原则。分析表明，通常使用的分析（部分）由合理的均值/最终原则和损害最小化原则的一个或其他版本组成。最后，有人争辩说，有一个规范间谍活动的规范性原则，而不是正义战争理论的构成性原则。这是互惠的原则。分析表明，通常使用的分析（部分）由合理的均值/最终原则和损害最小化原则的一个或其他版本组成。最后，有人争辩说，有一个规范间谍活动的规范性原则，而不是正义战争理论的构成性原则。这是互惠的原则。