To adjudicate a claim on individual criminal responsibility, the court has to establish objective and subjective links between the individual and the crime. This article studies the material (actus reus/objective) elements of the crime of aggression (conduct, consequence and circumstance) and suggests a reading that solves most of the conceptual and practical issues regarding criminal responsibility for this crime. The main contribution is an ontological distinction between the material act of use of violence and the act of aggression, which are both subsumed under the term ‘state/collective act’. The former is a consequence element and therefore is to be understood in its naturalistic meaning – a perceivable result of one’s action. The latter is a legal-evaluative notion and as such constitutes a circumstance that renders the violation of the prohibitory norm (the union of conduct and consequence) as being wrongful. This distinction is crucial for the system of attribution of criminal responsibility, as different mental (subjective) elements apply to consequences and circumstances.

中文翻译：

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侵略罪的犯罪行为

为了裁定个人刑事责任的主张，法院必须在个人与犯罪之间建立客观和主观的联系。本文研究材料（犯罪行为/objective) 侵略罪的要素（行为、后果和情况），并建议阅读解决有关该罪行的刑事责任的大多数概念和实际问题。主要贡献是使用暴力的物质行为和侵略行为之间的本体论区别，这两者都包含在“国家/集体行为”一词下。前者是一个后果要素，因此要理解其自然主义的含义——一个人的行为的可感知结果。后者是一个法律评估概念，因此构成了一种将违反禁止规范（行为与后果的结合）的行为视为不法行为的情况。这种区分对于刑事责任归属制度至关重要，