Despite decades-long efforts, magnetic monopoles were never found as elementary particles. Monopoles and associated currents were directly measured in experiments and identified as topological quasiparticle excitations in emergent condensed matter systems. These monopoles and the related electric-magnetic symmetry were restricted to classical electrodynamics, with monopoles behaving as classical particles. Here we show that the electric-magnetic symmetry is most fundamental and extends to full quantum behavior. We demonstrate that at low temperatures magnetic monopoles can form a quantum Bose condensate dual to the charge Cooper pair condensate in superconductors. The monopole Bose condensate manifests as a superinsulating state with infinite resistance, dual to superconductivity. The monopole supercurrents result in the electric analog of the Meissner effect and lead to linear confinement of the Cooper pairs by Polyakov electric strings in analogy to quarks in hadrons.

尽管进行了数十年的努力，但从未发现磁性单极子作为基本粒子。在实验中直接测量了单极子和相关电流，并将其识别为涌出的凝结物质系统中的拓扑准粒子激发。这些单极子和相关的电磁对称性仅限于经典电动力学，而单极子表现为经典粒子。在这里，我们表明电磁对称性是最基本的，并扩展到完整的量子行为。我们证明，在低温下，磁性单极子可以与超导体中的电荷库珀对冷凝物形成双重的量子Bose冷凝物。单极Bose冷凝物表现为具有无限电阻的超绝缘状态，具有超导性。