Background: To provide participants with a more real and immersive intervening experience, virtual reality (VR) and/or augmented reality (AR) technologies have been integrated into some bystander intervention training programs and studies measuring bystander behaviors. Objective: We focused on whether VR or AR can be used as a tool to enhance training bystanders. We reviewed the evidence from empirical studies that used VR and/or AR as a tool for examining bystander behaviors in the domain of interpersonal violence research. Methods: Two librarians searched for articles in databases, including APA PsycInfo (Ovid), Criminal Justice Abstracts (EBSCO), Medline (Ovid), Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ProQuest), Sociological Abstracts (ProQuest), and Scopus till April 15, 2020. Studies focusing on bystander behaviors in conflict situations were included. All study types (except reviews) written in English in any discipline were included. Results: The search resulted in 12,972 articles from six databases, and the articles were imported into Covidence. Eleven studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All 11 articles examined the use of VR as a tool for studying bystander behaviors. Most of the studies were conducted in US young adults. The types of interpersonal violence were school bullying, dating violence, sexual violence/assault, and soccer-associated violence. VR technology was used as an observational measure and bystander intervention program. We evaluated the different uses of VR for bystander behaviors and noted a lack of empirical evidence for AR as a tool. We also discuss the empirical evidence regarding the design, effectiveness, and limitations of implementing VR as a tool in the reviewed studies. Conclusions: The reviewed results have implications and recommendations for future research in designing and implementing VR/AR technology in the area of interpersonal violence. Future studies in this area may further contribute to the use of VR as an observational measure and explore the potential use of AR to study bystander behaviors.

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中文翻译：

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虚拟现实或增强现实作为研究人际暴力中旁观者行为的工具：范围界定审查

背景：为了向参与者提供更真实和身临其境的介入体验，已将虚拟现实（VR）和/或增强现实（AR）技术集成到一些旁观者干预培训计划和测量旁观者行为的研究中。目标：我们专注于将VR或AR用作增强培训旁观者的工具。我们回顾了来自实证研究的证据，这些实证研究使用VR和/或AR作为检查人际暴力研究领域中旁观者行为的工具。方法：两名图书馆员在数据库中搜索文章，包括APA PsycInfo（Ovid），刑事司法摘要（EBSCO），Medline（Ovid），应用社会科学索引与摘要（ProQuest），社会学摘要（ProQuest）和Scopus，直到4月15日，2020年。还包括针对冲突情况下旁观者行为的研究。包括所有学科用英语撰写的所有研究类型（评论除外）。结果：搜索结果从六个数据库中获得12,972篇文章，并将这些文章导入Covidence。十一项研究符合纳入和排除标准。所有11篇文章都探讨了使用VR作为研究旁观者行为的工具。大多数研究是在美国年轻人中进行的。人际暴力的类型包括学校欺凌，约会暴力，性暴力/殴打以及与足球相关的暴力。VR技术被用作观察措施和旁观者干预计划。我们评估了VR对于旁观者行为的不同用法，并指出缺乏将AR作为工具的经验证据。我们还讨论了有关将VR作为一种工具用于所审查研究的设计，有效性和局限性的经验证据。结论：审查的结果对人际暴力领域中设计和实施VR / AR技术的未来研究具有启示和建议。在这一领域的未来研究可能会进一步促进将VR用作观察手段，并探索AR在研究旁观者行为方面的潜在用途。

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