Arctic liquid freshwater content (FWC) influences both regional and large‐scale ocean dynamics and climate. In this study the responses of Arctic FWC, sea surface height (SSH) and surface circulation to different atmospheric circulation modes and the impact of sea ice decline on these responses are investigated by using wind perturbation simulations. The responses are intensified by sea ice decline through its resulting enhancement in ocean surface stress, indicating stronger decadal variability in the Arctic liquid FWC, SSH and ocean circulation in a warming climate. The Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Beaufort High (BH) wind forcing can significantly change Arctic regional and total FWC. Compared to the sea ice condition in the 1980s, the amplitudes of the ocean responses to the same AO forcing are much larger under the sea ice condition in the 2010s for both Arctic total FWC (by up to 50%) and regional SSH and velocity (doubled in some places). Sea ice decline intensifies ocean responses to the BH forcing in the Canada Basin with a similar strength. The Arctic Dipole Anomaly (DA) causes opposite changes in FWC between the Eurasian and Amerasian sectors in the cold decade, with the impact through changing sea ice thermodynamics being nonnegligible compared with that through changing ocean surface stress. Sea ice decline makes the ocean response to DA forcing less regular spatially. This study indicates an increasing vulnerability of the Arctic Ocean to winds in a warming world, which implies that extreme marine events may occur more often in the future.

中文翻译：

---

在变暖的气候中，海冰下降导致北冰洋的变化性更强：淡水存储，动态海平面和地表环流

北极液态淡水含量（FWC）会影响区域和大规模的海洋动力学和气候。在这项研究中，通过使用风扰动模拟研究了北极FWC，海面高度（SSH）和地表环流对不同大气环流模式的响应以及海冰下降对这些响应的影响。由于海冰下降导致海洋表面压力增加，加剧了这种反应，这表明在变暖的气候下，北极液态FWC，SSH和海洋环流的年代际变化更大。北极涛动（AO）和博福特高（BH）的风强迫会极大地改变北极的区域和总FWC。与1980年代的海冰状况相比，北极总FWC（高达50％）和区域SSH和速度（在某些地方翻了一番）在2010年代的海冰条件下，海洋对相同AO强迫的响应幅度要大得多。海冰下降以类似的强度加强了海洋对加拿大盆地中BH强迫的反应。在寒冷的十年中，北极偶极子异常（DA）导致欧亚大陆和亚美尼亚大陆之间的FWC发生了相反的变化，与改变海洋表面应力相比，改变海冰热力学的影响不可忽略。海冰的下降使海洋对DA的响应在空间上变得不规则。这项研究表明，在一个变暖的世界中，北冰洋越来越容易受到风的影响，这意味着未来可能会更频繁地发生极端的海洋事件。